A particular focus of this Special Issue is upon the role of memory rehabilitation therapies in amnesic patients and their major/minor benefits to humanity based on evidences. The primary purpose of this investigation is to use ‘twin memory’ in order to highlight the role of occupational therapy in clinical practice. It intends to demonstrate how the new technique of twin memory attempts to exploit preserved abilities for the remediation of memory disorders in patients with severe and very severe memory impairments. It also attempts to identify the cognitive rehabilitation processes that are involved in the formation of memory traces. Occupational therapy with memory-impaired participants has strongly been influenced by memory theory, and the interaction between unconscious and conscious memory stimulations such as spaced retrieval, vanishing cues or errorless learning. Thus it is an alternate attempt to find how twin memory narrows the interference between previously learned and new information in the amnesic patients. Such findings clearly suggest that in order to enhance learning in memory-impaired patients, interference mechanism should be limited at a great extent. Further the method of twin memory should demonstrate that memory-impaired patients with dense amnesia are able to acquire new information with external and internal cuing systems while performing various memory tasks. In this regard experimental research has to show the effectiveness of twin memory tests of patients with amnesia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and cerebral palsy, etc. For the success of any therapy, a thorough therapy plan should provide pattern of memory deficits displayed by a patient in memory tests, identify target problems, prognosticate a lack of compliance, and propose how to maintain the potential opportunities for cognitive rehabilitation for future needs.

Below given is a link to the scientific theory of ‘twin memory’ for kind assistance:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312939309_TWIN_MEMORY

The development of cognitive deficits might be a part of normal aging. Severe cognitive impairment and profound memory loss which interfere with social and occupational functioning occurs however in Alzheimer’s disease, a leading cause of dementia in elderly people. Cognitive impairment and memory problems also occur in the context of schizophrenia. Moreover, antipsychotics and in particular the classic ones e.g., haloperidol can also induce working memory deficits and it remains unclear whether newer agents such as olanzapine and risperidone do not worsen neurocognition. Cognitive deficits are also common in Parkinson’s disease and increased cognitive impairment is reported in subjects with early, untreated Parkinson’s disease compared to controls. Cognitive dysfunction can occur in following traumatic brain injury and is the most common chronic sequelae and a leading cause for persistent disability. Deficits in attention, memory, and executive function have been consistently reported in these patients. Substance abuse is also an increasingly recognized cause of cognitive and memory problems.

Many drugs belonging to distinct chemical classes are being used as cognitive enhancers either to treat or to delay the onset of dementia. Piracetam, a pyrrilodine derivative (2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine acetamide) was the first drug introduced into clinical practice to treat memory disorders. The drug is being used in several countries in the treatment of aphasia following cerebral stroke and cognitive impairment in the elderly. Vinpocetine (vinpocetine-ethyl apovincaminate), a vasodilator, is another drug which gained wide reputation in the management of implied cognitive function in patients with cerebrovascular disease. More recently, standardized extracts of the leaves of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) did received much interest as cognitive and memory enhancers of “natural origin” because of their antioxidant properties. The central cholinergic neurotransmitter system is involved in learning and memory. Since there is evidence indicating a cholinergic deficit in the brains from patients with Alzheimer’s disease, cholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil, tacrine, metrifonate and rivastigmine are used in these patients.

The aim of this research topic is to review and summarize ongoing research in the field of cognitive enhancers and nootropic agents. Because many drugs belonging to distinct chemical classes are being used as cognitive enhancers either to treat or to delay the onset of dementia, there is a need to understand the precise mechanisms underlying the effects of these drugs on cognition and memory. There is also a need to ascertain whether these agents could prevent or delay the progression of cognitive decline.

Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience offers immense opportunities in theoretical and primary research around a diverse range of research specializations in multidisciplinary areas.

Scope of research in this field has prospects of exploring the intricate connections between brain and behavior under various situations. These are generally investigated using state-of-art experimental analysis covering multiple aspects including biological rhythms, learning, perception, memory, languages, emotional processing, affective states and many more.

The purpose is to have articles covering latest reviews, theoretical studies and primary research attempts in and around the stated area.