International Journal of Sports Science

International Journal of Sports Science aims to facilitate and enhance communication across all sub-disciplines of the sport sciences. The emphasis of the journal is on the human sciences, broadly defined, applied to sport and exercise. Manuscripts dealing with original investigations of exercise, validation of technological innovations in sport or comprehensive reviews of topics relevant to the scientific study of sport will be considered for publication.


Pieter Ernst Krüger

Professor, University of Pretoria, South Africa

Research Areas

Applied Physiology,Sports Rehabilitation,Health,LTAD

Publications: Journals

[1]  SMIT, P.J., KRüGER, P.E., KNOBEL, D.P., LANDSBERG, P.G., (1980): Safety and the Apnoeic Diver. S.A. Sports Medicine, 9 : 2-4.
[2]  GORDON, N.F., KRüGER, P.E., KEMPFF, P.G., (1982): Exercise - The need for careful prescription. S.A. Medical Journal, 62 : 47-49
[3]  GORDON, N.F., MYBURGH, J.L.,KRüGER, P.E., (1982): Effect of caffeine ingestion on thermoregulatory and myocardial function during endurance performance. S.A. Medical Journal., 644-647.
[4]  GORDON, N.F., KRüGER, P.E., VAN RENSBURG, J.P., (1985): Effect of b-adrenoceptor blockade on thermoregulation during prolonged exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 58 (3) :899-906.
[5]  GORDON, N.F., RUSSELL, H.M.S., KRüGER, P.E., (1985): Thermoregulatory responses to weight training. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 6 : 145-150.
[6]  KRüGER, P.E., VAN DER MERWE, G.W., (1985): An investigation into the scientific basis of training with special reference to the quality and quantity of exercise. SA Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation , 8 (2) : 45-59.
[7]  GORDON, N.F., VAN RENSBURG, J.P., MOOLMAN, J.,KRüGER, P.E., (1986): The South African Defence Force physical training programme (Part I). Effect of 1 year's military training endurance fitness. S.A. Medical Journal., 69 : 477-482.
[8]  GORDON, N.F., MOOLMAN, J.,KRüGER, P.E., (1986): The South African Defence Force physical training programme (Part II). Effect of 1 year's military training on muscular strength, power, power-endurance, speed and flexibility. S.A. Medical Journal, 69 :483-490.
[9]  KRüGER, P.E., (1988): The influence of different isokinetic training programmes on the recovery rate after a meniscectomy. SA Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation 11 (1), 47-56.
[10]  KRüGER, P.E., (1989): The influence of an eight week quality and quantitative exercise program on different cardiac dimensions. SA Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation 12 (2) : 7-18.
[11]  KRüGER, P.E., (1989): Physiological benefits with warming-up and cooling down. S.A. Sports Medicine, 4 (1) : 6-8.
[12]  VAN HEERDEN, H.J., KRüGER, P.E., GORDON, N.F., CILLIERS, J.F., HALES, A.D., (1990): The influence of a shock absorbing innersole on the incidence of exertion-related injuries sustained by military recruits. Sports Medicine, 5 (1) : 4-9.
[13]  KRüGER, P.E., VAN WYK, G.J., DAEHNE, H.O. (1992): Performance scale for knee evaluation on the Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer, SA Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation ,15 (2), pp 17-25.
[14]  KRüGER, P.E., DAEHNE, H.O., DETTWEILER, A., LOOTS, J.M. (1993): Maximum isokinetic torque values for the knee extensors and flexor muscles in elite triathlon athletes. SA Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation 16(1):41-49.
[15]  KRüGER, P.E., (1995): The effect of b1 –selective and non-selective beta-adrenoceptor blockade on the thermoregulation of healthy young men and cardiac patients during prolonged exercise, SA Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 18(2): 51-62.
[16]  KRüGER, P.E., (1995): The Overtraining syndrome: the signs, symptoms, and prevention, SA Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 18(1): 29-40
[17]  KRüGER, P.E., VAN WYK, G.J., DU TOIT, A. (1995). ): Performance scale for ankle evaluation on the Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer. SA Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 18(2): 63-76.
[18]  KRüGER, P.E., KRUGER, E., COETZEE, G. 1995). Physical Education in the senior secondary school as seen by experts in the field, Pedagogics Journal, 16(1): 15-30.
[19]  HUGO,M.L., KRüGER,P.E., VAN VUUREN,T.B.R., HUGO,M.L. (1998): Difficulty grading of hiking trails, SA Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 21(1) : 47-54.
[20]  ROSSOUW, F. KRÜGER P.E.,ROSSOUW J. (1999) The effect of creatine monohydrate loading on maximal intermittent exercise and sport-specific strength in well trained power lifters, Nutrition Research, 20(4) : 505-514
[21]  KRüGER, P.E.,AVNER,T. (2000): Determination of anaerobic threshold in young swimmers, African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, Supplement October 2000 : 116-128
[22]  KRüGER, P.E., SCHOLTZ .M, KREUTZER, B., MYBURGH, D.P. (2000). Effect of 60 days of creatine supplementation on left ventricular hypertrophy, African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, Supplement October 2000 : 1-15
[23]  HEYDENRYCH, E., KRüGER,P.E. (2000). Physiological factors associated with successful Comrades athletes. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, Supplement October 2000 : 163-179
[24]  KRüGER. P.E. CILLIERS, J.F. ROSSOUW, F. (2001). Physiological and physical performance qualities of junior rugby players. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, Supplement October 2001 : 53-69
[25]  KRüGER, P.E. NOLTE, K. BOTHA, M. NOLTE, H. BALL, S. (2001). Isokinetic versus isotonic rehabilitation programmes after anterior cruciate ligament surgery, African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, Supplement October 2001 : 204-218
[26]  KRÜGER, P.E. BURGER, Y.E. HEYDENRYCH, E. ROSSOUW, J. VAN HEERDEN, W. (2001) Effect of an ultra-distance run on of sub maximal running economy in female runners, African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, Supplement October 2001 : 85-99
[27]  KRüGER, P.E., ROSSOUW, J., VAN VUUREN, B., BURGER, Y. (2001).Maximum isokinetic torque values of the knee extensors and flexor muscles in elite female cross-country athletes, African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, Supplement October 2001 : 100-114
[28]  KRüGER, P.E. ENGELBRECHT, M. KUISIS, S. ROSSOUW, F. VAN HEERDEN, W. (2001): Acute effect of aerobic and anaerobic exhaustion on visual skills of rugby players, African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, Supplement October 2001 : 33-52
[29]  KRüGER, P.E. GOUWS, K. OOSTHUIZEN, P.P.J. HEYDENRYCH, E. VAN HEERDEN, W. (2001). Effect of pedal biomechanics on the ventilatory threshold, VO2 max and motion economy of cyclists, African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, Supplement October 2001 : 166-184
[30]  VAN HEERDEN, H.J. HEYDENRYCH, E. KRüGER, P.E. (2001) Effects of a carbohydrate beverage on anaerobic performance. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, Supplement October 2001 : 219-238
[31]  KRüGER, P.E. VOGEL, E. ROSSOUW, F. MALGA, B.A. MENTZ, N. (2001). Effect of the glycemic index on endurance cycling performance. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, Supplement October 2001 : 239-259
[32]  LATEGAN,L. KRüGER, P.E. (2003). Normative isokinetic peak torque values for elbow flexion and extension in young South African men, African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, Special Edition October 2003 : 165-172
[33]  BESTER, G.F. KRüGER, P.E. (2004): Work-specific assessment of minimum physical fitnessw requirements for workers of an electricity supply company, African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 10(4) : 281-294
[34]  DU TOIT, P.J. KRüGER, P.E. DE WET, K.B. VAN VUUREN, B. VAN HEERDEN, H.J. JANSE VAN RENSBURG, C. (2006). Influence of exhaustion on metabolism and sport visual motor performance of professional cricket players, African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 12(1) : 50-59
[35]  DU TOIT, P.J. KRüGER, P.E. DE WET, K.B. VAN VUUREN, B. JOUBERT, A. LOTTERING, M.L. VAN WYK, G.J. (2006). The transfer effect of eye-hand co-ordination skills from the right to the left cerebral hemisphere in south African schoolboy rugby players. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 12(1) : 41-49
[36]  KRÜGER, P.E. ERASMUS, C. (2006). Health related fitness vs. work related fitness: which one is more important for law enforcement. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 12(1) : 70-81
[37]  ERASMUS,C. KRüGER, P.E. (2007). Physical standards and law enforcement in the South African Police Service, African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, Special Edition December 2007 : 93-99.
[38]  MULLER, M. DU TOIT, P.J. KRüGER, P.E. (2007). Effect of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbuturate (hmb) supplementation on the body-composition and muscle power output of non-competitive sporting males African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, Special Edition December 2007 : 78-92
[39]  DU TOIT, P.J. KRüGER, P.E. NEVES, R. (2007). Exercise, performance and sports vision testing African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, Special Edition December 2007 : 140-149
[40]  WOOD, P.S. KRüGER, P.E. (2007). Influence of participation in a 9-week physical training instructors course on selected anthropometrical and physical fitness variables, African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, Special Edition December 2007 : 110-121
[41]  WOOD, P.S. KRüGER, P.E. (2007). Injuries sustained by female infantry trainees during basic training: January–April 2005 African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, Special Edition December 2007 : 193-205
[42]  KRüGER, P.E. JORDAAN, D.P. (2007). Traumeel S: the sportsman’s answer to enhanced exercise performance and the overtraining syndrome? African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, Special Edition December 2007 : 206-215
[43]  ERASMUS, C. KRüGER, P.E. (2007). Aerobic capacity levels of 10- to 13-year-old school children in south Africa African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, Special Edition December 2007 : 58-65
[44]  ERASMUS, C. KRüGER, P.E. (2007). Somatic growth and body composition of 5 to 13 year old school children in South Africa. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, Special Edition December 2007 : 159-173
[45]  KRüGER, P.E. ERASMUS, C. (2007). Entry level physical fitness standards and recruitment: a pilot study on the South African Police Service, African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, Special Edition December 2007 : 48-59
[46]  VAN VUUREN,B. KRüGER, P.E. (2007). Influence of biokinetic rehabilitation on strength and flexibility measures in patellofemoral dysfunction (PFD) African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, Special Edition December 2007 : 33-47
[47]  EVERT, A. KRüGER, P.E. (2007).The significance of dominant ball-carrying collisions as an indicator of success in rugby union and their biomechanical analysis African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, Special Edition December 2007 : 48-57
[48]  COMBRINK, S. KRüGER, P.E. (2007). Exercise in the management of low back pain: focussing on fitness components and stability, African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, Special Edition December 2007 : 14-24
[49]  KRüGER, P.E. COMBRINK,S. (2007). The challenge of managing low back pain and defining the role players: biokinetics – an active approach, African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, Special Edition December 2007 : 25-32
[50]  KRüGER, P.E. EVERT, A. (2007).The influence of running lines on successful line breaks in rugby. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, Special Edition December 2007 : 287-298
[51]  DU TOIT, P.J. KRÜGER, P.E JOUBERT, A. LUNSKY, J. (2007). The effects of exercise on the visual performance of female rugby players, African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 13(3) : 267-273
[52]  LOOTS, J.M. GRIMBEEK, J. KRÜGER, P.E. (2007). The effect of a six-month psycho-, physiological, financial and stress management exercise programme on South African Correctional Services Personnel. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, Special Edition December 2007 :225-238
[53]  LATEGAN, L. & KRÜGER, P.E (2007). Effect of two different handgrip positions on elbow peak torque values, SA Tydskrif vir Navorsing in Sport, Liggaamlike Opvoeding en Ontspanning, 29(2) : 67-74
[54]  DU TOIT P.J. KRÜGER P.E. CHAMANE N.Z. CRAFFORD J. D. CAMPHER, J. (2009). Sport vision assessment of soccer players, African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 15(4) : 594-604
[55]  KRÜGER P.E. CAMPHER J. SMIT C.E. (2009). The role of visual skills and its impact on skill performance of cricket players, African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 15(4) : 605-623
[56]  SPAMER, M. KRÜGER P.E. DU PLESSIS, DJ. (2009). Comparative characteristics of elite New Zealand and South African u/16 rugby-players with reference to game-specific skills, physical abilities and anthropometric data, South African Journal of Sport Medicine, 21 (2) : 53-57
[57]  WOOD, P.S. KRÜGER, P.E. GRANT,C.C. (2010). DEXA-assessed regional body composition changes in young female military soldoers following 12-weeks of periodised training, Ergonomics, 53(4) : 537-547
[58]  DU TOIT, P.J., KRÜGER, P.E., FOWLER, K.F., GOVENDER, C., CLARK. J. (2010). Influence of sports vision techniques on adult male rugby players, African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance (AJPHERD) 16(3) : 487-494
[59]  NOLTE, K., KRÜGER, PE. & ELS, P.(2011) 'Three dimensional musculoskeletal modelling of the seated biceps curl resistance training exercise', Sports Biomechanics, 10(2), 146-160
[60]  DU TOIT, P.J., KRÜGER, P.E., MAHOMED, A.F., KLEYNHANS, M., JAY-DU PREEZ, T. GOVENDER, C. MERCIER, J. (2011). The effect of sports vision exercises on the visual skills of university students, African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance (AJPHERD), 17(3) : 25-39
[61]  NOLTE, KIM JANSE VAN RENSBURG, DC; KRÜGER, P.E. (2011). Land- and water-based exercises in rheumatoid arthritispatients: a series of case reports, South African Journal of Sports Medicine. (SAJSM), 23(3) : 84-88
[62]  DU TOIT, P.J., KRÜGER, PE., TERBLANCHE, H.C., JANSEN VAN RENSBURG, DC., GOVENDER, C., MERCIER, J., JAY-DU PREEZ, T., KLEYNHANS, M. (2011). Sex differences in the nine-point Beighton hypermobility test scores, African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance (AJPHERD), 17(4) : 603-611
[63]  WOOD, P.S., KRÜGER, P.E. & FARIA, A. (2011). Isokinetic leg strength changes in young female South African recruits following Basic Military training. Portuguese Journal of Sport Sciences. 11(2): 1039-1042
[64]  KRÜGER, P.E. & BILLSON, J.H. (2012) The effect of a conservative versus an aggressive-progressive exercise program on chronic low back pain and disability in South Africa. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance (AJPHERD) Supplement March 2012 : 120-131
[65]  KRÜGER, P.E. & SMIT, R. (2012). Physiological demands of rugby union matches and practice sessions. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance (AJPHERD) Supplement March 2012 :1-13
[66]  KRÜGER, P.E. DRESSLER,A. & BOTHA, M. (2012). Incidence of shoulder injuries and related risk factors among master swimmers in South Africa. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance (AJPHERD) Supplement March 2012 :57-76
[67]  DU TOIT, P.J., KRÜGER, P.E., NAICKER, L.A., GOVENDER, C., JAY-DU PREEZ, T,.,GROBBELAAR, C., GRANT, R. WOOD, P.S. KLEYNHANS, M. &MERCIER, J. (2012). Evaluation of visual skills in sedentary and active work environments.African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance (AJPHERD) Supplement March 2012 : 178-191
[68]  DU TOIT, P.J., KRÜGER, P.E., GOVENDER, C., LAWSON, J., KLEYNHANS, M., GROBBELAAR, C., TERBLANCHE, H.C, WOOD, P.S., GRANT, R. & HAY, l. Initial assessment of well-being in South African armed services. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance (AJPHERD) Supplement March 2012 : 144-158
[69]  VAN HEERDEN, H.J., KRüGER, P.E., GORDON, N.F., CILLIERS, J.F., HALES, A.D., (1990): The influence of a shock absorbing innersole on the incidence of exertion-related injuries sustained by military recruits. Sports Medicine, 5 (1) : 4-9.
[70]  DU TOIT, P.J., KRÜGER, P.E., TSOTETSI, A., SOMA, P., GOVENDER, C., HENNING, E., NAICKER, L., GRANT, R., WOOD, P.S., & TERBLANCHE, E. (2012) Comparison of the performances of male and female armed services recruits undergoing sports vision testing. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance (AJPHERD) Supplement March 2012 : 192-205
[71]  DU TOIT, P.J., KRÜGER, P.E., GOVENDER, C, HENNING, E, KLEYNHANS, M., WOOD, S.P., DE VILLIERS, N., VAN ROOYEN, J.M., FLETCHER, L. & GRANT, R. (2012) Cardiovascular health screening among South African students. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance (AJPHERD) Supplement March 2012 :159-168
[72]  NOLTE, K., JANSE VAN RENSBURG, D.C., & KRUGER, P.E. (2012). Land- and water-based exercises in rheumatoid arthritis patients: a series of case reports. South African Rheumatology Journal, 4(1): 8 - 16.
[73]  NOLTE, K., KRÜGER, PE. & ELS, P.NOLTE, H. (2012). Three dimensional musculoskeletal modelling of the abdominal crunch resistance training exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences, On line, pages 1-12
[74]  WOOD, P.S. KRÜGER, P.E. (2013). Comparison of the physical fitness outcomes of young South African military recruits following different physical training programs during Basic Military Training, SA Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 35(1), 203-218
[75]  DU TOIT, P.J.; WOOD, P.S.; HENNING, E.; BROODRYK T.; FOURIE, J.; GRANT, R.; NOLTE, K.; CRAFFORD, D.; KLEYNHANS, M.; TERBLANCHE, H.C.; KRÜGER, P.E.; JANSE VAN RENSBURG, D.C.; VAN SCHOOR, A.; FLETCHER, L.; FERREIRA, J. (2013). Influence of Basic Military Training on Visual Skills, Open Access Scientific Reports, 1(1) : 1-6
[76]  KRÜGER, P.E. & ENGELBRECHT, A. (2013). An investigation into exercise behaviour, preferences and quality of life of primary brain tumor patients. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance (AJPHERD). 19(2) : 479-495
[77]  GRANT, C.C., JANSE VAN RENSBURG, D.C., PEPPER, M.S., DU TOIT, P.J. WOOD, P.S., KER, J., KRÜGER, P.E., GROBBELAAR, C.W., NOLTE, K., FLETCHER, F., GRANT, T.C. (2014). The correlation between the health-related fitness of healthy participants measured at home opposed to fitness measured by sport scientists in a laboratory. South African Family Practice.
[78]  NOLTE, K., KRÜGER, PE. & ELS, P.NOLTE, H. (2013).. Three dimensional musculoskeletal modelling of the aseated row resistance-training exercise, South African Journal of Sports Medicine, 25(3) : 67-73
[79]  DU TOIT, P., WOOD, P., C.C NORTJE, E., KLEYNHANS, M., FLETCHER, L., KRÜGER, P.E., JOUBERT, A.M., KENNEDY, J.J., FERREIRA, R., VAN SCHOOR, A., JOUBERT, F., GERICKE, G. (2013). A comparison between the cardio-stress indices of an active and a sedentary population, Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie; 32(1): doi: 10.4102/satnt.v32i1.769

Publications: Conferences/Workshops/Symposiums

[1]  KRüGER, P.E., VAN WYK, G.J., DAEHNE, H.O. (199): Maximal torque values for knee evaluation on the Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer. Proceedings of 2nd Maccabiah - Wingate International Congress on Sport Sciences and Coaching. Netanya, Israel, pp 270-281.3
[2]  KRüGER, P.E. (1993): The effect of different training programs on the recovery period after open meniscectomy. Proceedings of 2nd Maccabiah - Wingate International Congress on Sport Sciences and Coaching. Netanye, Israel, pp 259-269.
[3]  KRüGER, P.E. (1997): Assessment of the physiological qualities of a rugby player, Proceedings of the AIESEP SINGAPORE 1997 Congress on teaching, coaching and fitness. Singapore, pp 293-299
[4]  KRüGER, P.E., AVNER, T. (1999) Invasive and non-invasive tests to determine the anaerobic threshold in young swimmers Proceedings of the ICHPER.SD 42ND World Congress, Minia University, Egypt. CD disk