American Journal of Materials Science

American Journal of Materials Science publishes reviews, full-length papers, and short communications recording original research results on, or techniques for studying the relationship between structure, properties, and uses of materials.

Wei Zhao

Editorial Board Member of American Journal of Materials Science

Professor, Department of Chemistry In University of Arkansas At Little Rock, USA

Research Areas

Analytical Chemistry, Materials Science, Nanochemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Optical Sensing, Nonlinear Optical Properties, Laser Spectroscopy, Coherent Multidimensional Spectroscopy

Education

1991Ph.D.Peking University, Beijing
1988M.S.Peking University, Beijing
1985B.S.Peking University, Beijing

Experience

2003-2007University of Arkansas at Little Rock
1997-1999University of Wisconsin – Madison
1994-1996University of New Orleans
1991-1994Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
1986-1990Peking University, Beijing

Academic Achievement

10/2010 Research work on Graphene was highlighted by Photonics Spectra.
01/2008 Research work on Carbon Nanotubes was highlighted in John Wiley & Sons Website, SeparationsNow.com: "Picking armchairs from zigzags." (Jan. 14) ScienceDaily (Jan. 31) Innovate Arkansas Enews (Jan. 29) Nanotechwire.com (Jan. 27) Discovery Buzz (Jan
04/2004 University Research Excellence Award
03/2004 College Research Excellence First Place Award
02/2000 Coherent 2D Vibrational Spectroscopy Research Work Highlighted by C&E News (Feb. 7) UW-Madison News (Feb. 2) ScienceDaily (Feb. 9) EE-TIMES (Feb. 15) Biophotonics International (April/May, 2000) Photonics Technology News (May, 2000) Laser Focus Wo
05/1995 The 2nd Prize for Distinguished Achievement in Improving Science and Technology, the State Commission of Education of China
09/1994 The Peking University Prize for Achievement in Science and Technology
05/1990 The Guanghua Prize, the Peking University

Membership

The American Chemical Society
American Association for the Advancement of Science
Materials Research Society

Publications: Journals

[1]  W. Zhao, J. Phys. Chem. A, 115 (2011) 6525-6530. "Measurement of Raman chi(3) and Theoretical Estimation of DOVE Four Wave Mixing of Hydrogen Peroxide."
[2]  W. Zhao, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 2 (2011) 482-487. "Four Wave Mixing Measurement of Third-Order Nonlinear Susceptibilities of Length-Sorted Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes"
[3]  B. Zhao, B. Cao, W. Zhou, D. Li, W. Zhao, J. Phys. Chem. C, 114 (2010) 12517-12523. "Nonlinear Optical Transmission of Nanographene and Its Composites"
[4]  L. Zhang, J. Thomas, J. Xu, B. Rougeau, M. Sullivan, S. Reeve, S. D. Allen, F. Watanabe, A. Biris, W. Zhao, J. Phys. Chem. C, 114 (2010) 22697-22702. "Reversible Control of Third-Order Optical Nonlinearity of DNA Decorated Carbon Nanotube Hybrids"
[5]  H. Bian, W. Zhao, J. Zheng, J. Chem. Phys., 131 (2009) 124501. "Intermolecular Vibrational Energy Exchange Directly Probed with Ultrafast Two Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy"
[6]  W. Zhao, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 48 (17) (2009) 3022-3024. "Lighting up H2O2: The Molecule that Is a "Necessary Evil" in the Cell."
[7]  W. Lu, Y. Xiong, A. Hassanien, W. Zhao, M. Zheng, L. Chen, Nano Lett., 9 (2009) 1668-1672. "A Scanning Probe Microscopy Based Assay for Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Metallicity."
[8]  W. Zhao, D. E. Moilanen, E. E. Fenn, M. D. Fayer, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 130(42) (2008) 13927-13937. "Water at the Surfaces of Aligned Phospholipid Multi-Bilayer Model Membranes Probed with Ultrafast Vibrational Spectroscopy."
[9]  Y. Xu, P. E. Pehrsson, L. Chen, W. Zhao, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 130(31) (2008) 10054-10055. "Controllable Redox Reaction of Chemically Purified DNA-Single Walled Carbon Nanotube Hybrids with Hydrogen Peroxide."
[10]  L. Zhang, S. Zaric, X. Tu, W. Zhao, H. Dai, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130(8) (2008) 2686-2691 "Assessment of Chemically Separated Carbon Nanotubes for Nanoelectronics."
[11]  X. Li, X. Tu, S. Zaric, K. Welsher, W. S. Seo, W. Zhao, H. Dai, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129 (2007) 15770-15771. "Selective Synthesis Combined with Chemical Separation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Chirality Selection."
[12]  X. Tu, P. E. Pehrsson, W. Zhao, J. Phys. Chem. C. 111 (2007) 17227-17231. "Redox Reaction of DNA-Encased HiPco Carbon Nanotubes with Hydrogen Peroxide: A Near Infrared Optical Sensitivity and Kinetics Study."
[13]  X. Tu, C. M. Skinner, X.-D. Chen, W. Zhao, "Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube As Scaffolds Promote Stem Cell Differentiation Into Bone Forming Cells", in Applications of Nanotubes and Nanowires, ed. L. Chen, M. Hersam (Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., V1018E, Warrendale, PA, 2007), 1018-EE04-09.
[14]  Y. Xu, P. E. Pehrsson, L. Chen, R. Zhang, W. Zhao, J. Phys. Chem. C. 111 (2007) 8638-8643. "Double Stranded DNA-Single Walled Carbon Nanotube Hybrids for Optical Hydrogen Peroxide and Glucose Sensing."
[15]  W. Zhao, J. Molecular Structure 799 (2006) 168-172. "Doubly Vibrationally Enhanced Four Wave Mixing Spectroscopy in An Acetonitrile-Magnesium Perchlorate Mixture."
[16]  C. Song, P. E. Pehrsson, W. Zhao, J. Mater. Res. 21 (2006) 2817-2823 (November focus issue). "Optical Enzymatic Detection of Glucose Based on Hydrogen Peroxide-Sensitive HiPco Carbon Nanotubes."
[17]  W. Zhao, Nanomedicine 1 (2005) 238. "Ehrlich's Magic Nanobullets."
[18]  C. Song, P. E. Pehrsson, W. Zhao, J. Phys. Chem. B 109 (2005) 21634-21639. "Recoverable Solution Reaction of HiPco Carbon Nanotubes with Hydrogen Peroxide"
[19]  K. Kelley, P. E. Pehrsson, L. M. Ericson, W. Zhao, "Optical pH Response of DNA Wrapped HiPco Carbon Nanotubes." J. Nanosci. Nanotech. 5 (2005) 1029-1032.
[20]  B. Benedict, P. E. Pehrsson, W. Zhao, J. Phys. Chem. B. 109 (2005) 7778-7780. "Optically Sensing Sonication Effects on HiPco Nanotubes in Aerated Water."
[21]  Y. Yang, S. Chen, Q. Xue, A. Biris, W. Zhao, Electrochimica Acta 50 (2005) 3061-3067. "Electron Transfer Chemistry of Octadecylamine-Functionalized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes."
[22]  X. Y. Chen, W. Zhao, R. E. Cook, and G. K. Liu, Phys. Rev. B 70 (2004). "Anomalous luminescence dynamics of Eu3+ in BaFCl microcrystals."
[23]  P. E. Pehrsson, W. Zhao, J.W. Baldwin, C. Song, J. Liu, B. Zheng, J. Phys. Chem. B 107 (2003) 5690-5695. "Thermal Fluorination and Annealing of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes."
[24]  D. Besemann, N. Condon, K. Meyer, W. Zhao, J. C. Wright, Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 24 (2003) 1119-1125. "Experimental determinations of coherent multidimensional vibrational spectroscopy."
[25]  W. Zhao, C. Song, P. E. Pehrsson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. (Commun.) 124 (2002) 12418-12419. "Water-Soluble and Optically pH Sensitive Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes from Surface Modification."
[26]  W. Zhao, C. Song, B. Zheng, J. Liu, and T. Viswanathan, J. Phys. Chem. B 106 (2002) 293-296. "Thermal Recovery Behavior of Fluorinated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes."
[27]  A. Awichi, E. M. Tee, G. Srikanthan, W. Zhao, Appl. Spectrosc. 56 (2002) 897-901. "Indentification of Overlapped Near-Infrared Bands of Glucose Anomers Using 2D Near-Infrared and Middle-Infrared Corrlation Spectroscopy."
[28]  E. M. Tee, A. Awichi, W. Zhao, J. Phys. Chem. A. 106 (2002) 6714-6719. "Probing Microstructure of Acetonitrile-Water Mixtures by Using Two-Dimensional Infrared Correlation Spectroscopy."
[29]  W. Zhao and J. C. Wright, Phys. Rev. Letts. 84 (7) (2000) 1411-1414. "Doubly Vibrationally Enhanced Four Wave Mixing-The Optical Analogue to 2D NMR."
[30]  W. Zhao and J. C. Wright, Phys. Rev. Letts. 83 (10) (1999) 1950-1953. "Measurement of (3) for Doubly Vibrationally Enhanced Four Wave Mixing Spectroscopy."
[31]  W. Zhao and J. C. Wright, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121 (1999) 10994-10998. "Spectral Simplification in Vibrational Spectroscopy Using Doubly Vibrationally Enhanced Infrared Four Wave Mixing."
[32]  (Invited Paper) W. Zhao, K. M. Murdoch, N. J. Condon, D. M. Besemann, K. A. Meyer, P. C. Chen, J. P. Hamilton, A. Zilian, M. J. Labuda, D. E. Thompson, R. J. Carlson, G. B. Hurst, M. T. Riebe, J. K. Steehler, and J. C. Wright, J. Luminescence 87-89 (2000) 90-95. "Comparisons between 2D Doubly Vibrationally Enhanced Four Wave Mixing and Site Selective Spectroscopy."
[33]  W. Zhao; K. M. Murdoch; D. M. Besemann; N. J. Condon; K. A. Meyer; J. C. Wright, Appl. Spectrosc. 54(7) (2000) 1000-1004. "Nonlinear Two-Dimensional Vibrational Spectroscopy."
[34]  K. M. Murdoch, N. J. Condon, W. Zhao, D. M. Besemann, K. A. Meyer, J. C. Wright. Chem. Phys. Lett. 335 (5/6) (2001) 349-356. "Isotope and Mode Selectivity in Two-Dimensional Vibrational Four Wave Mixing Spectroscopy."
[35]  D. M. Besemann, N. J. Condon, K. M. Murdoch, W. Zhao, K. A. Meyer, J. C. Wright. Chem. Phys. 266 (2-3) (2001) 177-195. "Interference, dephasing, and vibrational coupling effects between coherence pathways in doubly vibrationally enhanced nonlinear spectroscopies."
[36]  S. T. Li, G. K. Liu and W. Zhao, Optics Letts. 24 (1999) 838-840. "Converting Eu3+ between Defect Sites in BaFCl for Persistent Spectral Hole-Burning".
[37]  W. Zhao, H. Li, R. West and J.C. Wright, Chem. Phys. Letts., 281 (1997) 105-110/286 (1998) 515. "Measurement of the Third-order Nonlinear Susceptibility in a Representative Soluble Polymer with Acetylenic Linkages".
[38]  W. Zhao, J. Tang, A. Puri, R. L. Sweany, Y. X. Li, L. Q. Chen, J. Mater. Res., 11(11) (1996) 2749-2756. "Tribological Properties of Fullerides C60 and C70 Microparticles".
[39]  J. Tang, W. Zhao, L. Li, A. U. Falster, W. B. Simmons, Jr., W. L. Zhou, Y. Ikuhara and J. H. Zhang, J. Mater. Res., 11(3) (1996) 733. "Amorphization of Graphite Induced by Mechanical Milling".
[40]  W. Zhao, J. Tang, A. U. Falster, W. B. Simmons and R. L. Sweany, J. Alloys and Compds., 249 (1997) 242-246. "Infrared Transmission Study of Lanthanide Fulleride SmxC60 Prepared by Metal Vapor Synthesis".
[41]  W. Zhao, J. Tang, Y. Lee and C. J. O'Connor, J. Appl. Phys., 79(8) (1996) 5870. "Synthesis and Superconductivity of Intermetallic Compounds Y2NixB8-xC2, YNixCu2-xB2C and YNixCu2-xSi2C".
[42]  W. Zhao, J. Tang, A. Puri, A. U. Falster and W. B. Simmons, in Mechanical Behavior of Diamond and Other Forms of Carbon, edited by M. D. Drory, M. S. Donley, D. Bogy and J. E. Field (Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., Vol. 383, Pittsburgh, PA, 1995), pp.313-318. "Friction Behavior of C60 Microparticles-Coated Steel".
[43]  J. Tang and W. Zhao, C. J. O'Connor and S. Li, J. Alloys and Compds., 250 (1997) 482-485. "Nanocomposite Formation and Size Reduction of Terfenol-D Particles during Mechanical Milling".
[44]  M. Zhao, C. Sun, L. Wang, W. Li, Q. Su, W. Zhao and J. Tang, J. Appl. Phys., 81 (1997) 5534-5536. "Magnetic and Magnetotransport Properties of Intermetallic SmMn2Si2".
[45]  W. Zhao, J. Tang, Y. X. Li and L. Q. Chen, WEAR, 198(1-2) (1996)165-168. "High Friction Coefficient of C70 Film on Si(001)".
[46]  S. K. Dhar, Y. Kimura, M. Kozaki, R. Settai, Y. Onuki, W. Zhao and J. Tang, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 66 (1) (1997) 235-241. "The Magnetic Properties of RNi4Sn2 (R=La, Ce, Pr, Nd and Sm) Compounds".
[47]  S. K. Dhar, A. K. Nigam, W. Zhao, J. Tang, J. Alloys and Compds., 268 (1998) 25-28. "Magnetoresistance of RNi4Sn2 (R=La, Ce, Pr and Nd) Compounds".
[48]  W. Zhao, J. Tang, A. U. Falster, W. B. Simmons, Y. X. Li and L. Q. Chen, Proc. International Winterschool on Electronic Properties of Novel Materials (Proc. IWEPNM) Fullerenes and "Fullerene Nanostructures, eds. H. Kuzmany et al., World Scientific, 1996, 289-292. "Preparation and Spectroscopic Properties of Transition Metal Fullerides".
[49]  J. Tang, W. Zhao, C. Tao, C. J. O'Connor, M. Zhao and L. Wang, Phys. Rev.B, 52(17) (1995) 12829. "Extended Solubility and Spin Glass Behavior in a Ag-Gd Solution Prepared by Mechanical Alloying".
[50]  W.L. Zhou, Y. Ikuhara, W. Zhao, J. Tang, Carbon, 33(8) (1995) 1177-1180. "A Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of Amorphization of Graphite by Mechanical Milling".
[51]  (Review article) W. Zhao and L. Q. Chen, Chinese Modern Physics, 6(4) (1994) 32. "Research of Fullerenes".
[52]  W. Zhao, Y. X. Li, L. Q. Chen, Z.J. Liu, Y. Z. Huang and Z. X. Zhao, Solid State Commun., 92(4) (1994) 313-317. "Metal Vapor Synthesis of Transition Metal Fullerides: Evidence of IR Spectra".
[53]  W. Zhao, W. L. Zhou, L.Q. Chen, Y. Z. Huang, Z. B. Zhang, K.. K. Fung, and Z. X. Zhao, J. Solid State Chem., 112 (1994) 412. "The Structures of C60 films on Different Single Crystal Substrates".
[54]  W. Zhao, L. Q. Chen, Y. X. Li, T. N. Zhao, Y. Z. Huang, Z. X. Zhang, H. T. Wang, P. X. Ye and Z. X. Zhao, Spectrochimica Acta, 50A (1994) 1759. "Spectroscopic Studies on the Interaction of C60 and C70 Films with Metal Substrates".
[55]  W. Zhao, L. Q. Chen, Y. Z. Huang, L. Q. Qian, J. J. Yue, L.. Z. Wang, and Z. X. Zhao, J. Alloys and Compd., 207/208 (1994) 307. "Influence of Lithium Intercalation and of Iodine on Electrical Properties of Superconductor Nd1.82Ce0.18CuOx".
[56]  W. Zhao, Y. M. Mi, M. Z. Su and Z. F. Song, J. Electrochem. Soc., 143 (1996) 2346-2348. "Response Time of Photostimulated Luminescence of BaFX:Eu2+ and BaFCl:Pr3+ under Near-Infrared Light Stimulation".
[57]  W. Zhao, L. Q. Chen, R. J. Xue, J. R. Min, W. Q. Cui, Solid State Ionics, 70/71 (1994) 144. "Ionic Conductivity and Luminescence of LiTi2(PO4)3 doped with Eu3+".
[58]  Z. J. Liu, J. G. Wu, W. Zhao, P. Q. Wu, R. D. Soloway, G.X. Xu, Acta Sci. Natu. Univ. Pekinensis, 30(6) (1994) 641-650. "Study of the Influence of Metal Ions on the Colloid Properties of Sodium Taurocholate by Laser Scattering and Fluorescence Spectroscopy".
[59]  W.L. Zhou, W. Zhao, K. K. Fung, L. Q. Chen, Z. B. Zhang, Physica C, 214 (1993) 19. "Microstructures of C60 Textured Thin Film".
[60]  W. Zhao, L. Q. Chen, J. J. Yue, L. Z. Wang, Y. L. Li, D. B. Zhu, Chinese Chemical Letter, 4(10) (1992) 849. "Electrochemical and Optical Study on C60 Film in LiClO4 Polypropylene Carbonate (PC) Solution".
[61]  Y. X. Li, W. Zhao, Y. Z. Huang and L. Q. Chen, in "Solid State Ionic Materials", eds. B.V.R. Chowdari, M. Yahaya, I.B. Talib and M.M. Salleh, World Scientific, Singapore, 1994, p. 349. "Absorption Spectra Studies of the C60 Films on Transition Metal Film Substrates".
[62]  T. N. Zhao, W. Zhao, J. Q. Liu, L. Q. Chen, Solid State Commun., 83 (1992) 789. "Raman Spectra of C60 Films on Sn and Other Substrates".
[63]  Z. X. Zhang, H. T. Wang, W. Zhao, L. Q. Chen, P. X. Ye, Chinese Science Bull., 38 (1993) 1369. "Surface-Enhanced Second-Order Nonlinear Optics of C60 Film on Ag".
[64]  W. J. Zhu, Y. Z. Huang, W. Zhao, L. Q. Chen, J. W. Li, C. Dong, F. Wu and Z. X. Zhao, Chinese Science Bull., 38(24) (1993) 2288. "Synthesis and Superconductivity of HgBa1.3Sr0.7CuO4+*".
[65]  W. Zhao, T. N. Zhao, J. J. Yue, L. Q. Chen, J. Q. Liu, Solid State Commun., 84 (1992) 323-326. "Absorption and Luminescence Properties of C60 Films on Tin Substrate".
[66]  M. Z. Su, W. Zhao, W. Chen, Y. Dong, J. H. Lin, J. Alloys and Compounds, 225 (1995) 539-543. "X-ray Storage Phosphors, their Properties and Mechanism".
[67]  W. Zhao, Z. F. Song and M. Z. Su, J. Rare Earths, 10(4), (1992) 241. "Electron Transition and Energy Transfer in BaFX:Eu2+, Eu3+ (X=Cl, Br) Crystals".
[68]  W. Zhao and M. Z. Su, Mat. Res. Bull., 28 (1993) 123. "Mechanism of Photostimulated Luminescence (PSL) of BaFX:Eu2+ (X=Cl, Br) Crystals".
[69]  W. Zhao, M. Z. Su and Z. F. Song, J. Solid State Chem., 103 (1993) 415. "Color Centers in Near Infrared Region in Crystals MFX (M=Sr, Ba; X=Cl, Br)".
[70]  W. Zhao, and M. Z. Su, Chemical J. Chinese Univ., 14 (1993) 1633-1637. "Different Luminescence Centers and their Time-Resolved Characteristics in Solid Solution BaFCl1-xBrx:Eu2+".
[71]  (Invited Paper) W. Zhao, M. Z. Su, Proc. 6th Natl. Conf. Lumin., Oct. 27-31, 1992, Hefei, China, PP 119-122. "Temperature Influence on Luminescence Properties and Fluorescence Lifetime of BaFX:Eu2+(X=Cl, Br) and Sr9Ca(PO4)6Cl2:Eu2+ Crystals".
[72]  Z. J. Liu, R. D. Soloway, W. Zhao, P. Q. Wu, J. G. Wu and G. X. Xu, CLIN. Res. 41(2) (1993) A159. "Increases Bile-Salt Mixed Micelle Size and Cholesterol Solubility".
[73]  M. Z. Su, W. Zhao, W. Chen, Chinese Chemical Lett., 3(11) (1992) 929-932. "Mechanism for Photostimulated Luminescence (PSL) of BaFX:Eu2+".
[74]  M. Z. Su, W. Chen and W. Zhao, Bull. Electro-chem., 7(10) (1991) 469. "New Color Centers and Photos-timulated Luminescence (PSL) of BaFCl:Eu2+".
[75]  Y.J. Wang, W. Zhao, M. Z. Su and Z. F. Song, Chinese J. Lumin., 11 (1990) 122. "Two Luminescent Centers in Sr9Ca(PO4)6Cl2:Eu2+ Crystal".
[76]  W. Zhao, Y. J. Wang, M. Z. Su and Z. F. Song, Proc. 2nd Int. Symposium on Rare Earths Spectroscopy, Sept. 9-14, 1989, Changchun, China, P196. "Energy Transfer From Tb3+ to Eu3+ in BaFBr:Eu, Tb Phosphors by Time-Resolved Fluorescence Measurement".
[77]  Y. J. Wang, W. Zhao and M. Z. Su, Proc. RES'89, sept.9-14, 1989, editor: Qiang Su, World Scientific, p.p. 265-267. "Photostimulated Luminescence and Energy Transfer in LaOBr1-xClx:Tb".
[78]  M. L. Gong, Y. Liu and W. Zhao, ibid., p.p.192-194. "The Preparation and Luminescent Properties of Eu3+-Activated Strontium Titanate".
[79]  M. Z. Su, Y. J. Wang, W. Zhao and Z. F. Song, J. Less-Common Metals, 148 (1989) 241. "Synthesis and Characterization of Some Photostimulable Luminescent Phosphors".
[80]  Q. F. Song, Y. J. Wang, W. Zhao and M. Z. Su, Rare Metals (China), 8 (1989) 49. "Study of Photos-timulable Luminescent Materials Sr9Ca(PO4)6Cl2:Eu2+".
[81]  Y. J. Wang, W. Zhao and M. Z. Su, J. Lumin., 40/41 (1988) 177. "Physical-Chemical properties and Luminescence of Tb3+ Activated LaOBr1-xClx system".
[82]  W. Zhao, Y. J. Wang, M. Z. Su and Z.. F. Song, Chinese J. Lumin., 9 (1988) 199. "The Energy Level Splitting of the Excited Tb3+ 4f75d1 State in LaOBr1-xClx Crystals".
[83]  J. Y. Shi, W. Zhao, R. H. Tang, Q. X. Zhang, Y. F. Liu and Y. Z. Li, Acta Sci. Natu. Univ. Pekinensis, 4 (1987) 38. "Stimulatory Effects of Ga, Ge, As, Cs, La, Ce, Ir and Re on Population Growth of Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii".
[84]  Y. F. Liu, R. H. Tang, Q. X. Zhang, J. Y. Shi, X. M. Li, Z. Q. Liu and W. Zhao, Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 9 (1986) 89. "Stimulation of Cell Growth of Tetrahymena Pyri-formis and Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii by Trace Elements".

Publications: Books/Book Chapters

[1]  J. C. Wright, W. Zhao, K. Murdoch, D. Besemann, N. Condon, and K. Meyer, "Two Dimensional Vibrational Spectroscopy by Doubly Vibrationally Enhanced Four Wave Mixing, " in Handbook of Vibrational Spectroscopy, Volume 1, Eds. J. M. Chalmers and P. R. Griffiths, John Wiley and Sons, 2001, pp 853-865.
[2]  M. Z. Su and W. Zhao, "Rare Earth Ions in Advanced X-ray Imaging Materials, " in "Spectroscopic Properties of Rare Earths in Luminescent Materials." Eds. G. Liu & B. Jacquier, in the International Series of Frontiers of Science and Technology for the 21st Century, Springer/Tsinghua University Press, in press.
[3]  W. Zhao, L. Q. Chen, Y. X. Li, H. Huang, Y. Z. Huang and Z. X. Zhao, in Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Physics of Fullerenes and Related Materials (eds. K.M. Kadish and R.S. Ruoff), The Electrochem. Soc., Pennington, New Jersey, 1994, pp. 1203-1222. "Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Studies on C60 Fullerene".
[4]  W. Zhao, J. Tang, A. Puri, Y. X. Li, L. Q. Chen, in Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Physics of Fullerenes and Related Materials, Vol. 2 (eds. K.M. Kadish and R.S. Ruoff), The Electrochem. Soc., Pennington, New Jersey, 1995, pp.143-155. "Tribological Properties of Fullerides C60 and C70 Microparticles".
[5]  W. Zhao, J. Tang, A. U. Falster, W. B. Simmons, Jr., R. L. Sweany, in Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Physics of Fullerenes and Related Materials, Vol. 3 (eds. K.M. Kadish and R.S. Ruoff), the Electrochem. Soc., Pennington, New Jersey, 1996, pp.1115-1126. "Charge Transfer and Complex Formation of Transition Metal and Lanthanide Fullerides Prepared by Metal Vapor Synthesis".