Asaad Abdulwahed Bader Al-Asady, Hishyar M. S. Algarmavy, Sayran Kamal M. Salih

The present study was conducted to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of secondary metabolites extract (polyphenol) from local grape seeds ofvitisviniferra(rash meu) from Duhok Governorate / Kurdistan of Iraq using MTT assay. Different concentrations 39.1 µg/ml, 78.125 µg/ml, 156.25 µg/ml, 312.5 µg/ml µg/ml 625 µg/ml, µg/ml 1250 µg/ml, and 2500µg/ml of polyphenol extract were tested against the proliferation of acute leukemic lymphocytes of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and acute Lymphoid Leukemia (ALL) patients in culture within 24 and 48 hours exposure. This study showed that a polyphenolic extract that isolated from seeds of local grape is substantially rich in phenolic content and flavonoid. The result of cytotoxicity assay revealed that all concentrations of polyphenol extract were effective against the proliferation of both types of acute leukemic lymphocytes of AML and ALL patients. Statistical analysis for all patients with AML and all patients with ALL was revealed that the higher concentrations 1250µg/ml and 2500µg/ml were effected after both time of exposure 24 and 48hours. The result of cytotoxicity assay showed that the highest concentration 2500µg/ml was more effected after 24 and 48 hours of all acute leukemic cases. The CC50 value was 859µg/ml after 24hours of treatment. The result of present study showed no significant different between two type of acute leukemia AML and ALL in to response to cytotoxic effect of polyphenol extract.

Palmiro Poltronieri, Valeria Mezzolla, Oscar Fernando D’Urso

The review recapitulate the current knowledge on the roles and importance of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and small RNAs in bacteria. Many new RNAs have been described either in Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, and in particular RNAs involved in pathogenesis and tolerance to stresses. The review recapitulate the current knowledge on the roles and importance of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and small RNAs in bacteria. Several cases of regulating and signaling RNAs are presented either in Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, with a focus on bacterial RNAs involved in pathogenesis and stress responses. Examples of small RNAs and their mechanisms of action, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, induction of new genes, increased stability of their targets or their destination to the degradation pathway.

Stephen A. Kempson, Bailey M. Anderson, Moshe Levi, Judith Blaine

In the renal medulla nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in sodium and water homeostasis, and NO synthase isoforms are expressed in medullary nephron segments. These segments also produce NO in response to hypertonic NaCl, but a possible role for NO during osmotic stress is unclear. When Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells were switched from isotonic to hypertonic medium containing 1 mM nitroprusside, the transport activity of the renal betaine/GABA transporter (BGT1) was increased by 96% within 4 hr compared to hypertonic controls. BGT1 stimulation by nitroprusside also was observed after prior hypertonic adaptation for 24 hr. NO donors also stimulated the hypertonic activation of the system A amino acid transporter, SNAT2. Nitroprusside activation of BGT1 was not reproduced by membrane–permeable analogs of cyclic GMP. To understand the mechanism MDCK cells were transfected with EGFP-tagged BGT1 and imaged by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. The rate of recovery of plasma membrane fluorescence after photobleaching was increased almost two-fold in the presence of 1 mM nitroprusside, compared to controls. This suggests NO may accelerate the insertion of BGT1 protein into the basolateral plasma membrane during hypertonic stress, which helps to fully activate the adaptive response.

Emine Demirel-Yilmaz

In biological science, the accumulation of knowledge can develop at rates never before dreamed of. The diagnosis and treatment of diseases have improved because of a greater availability of biological knowledge. Sometimes, materials of modern biomedical investigation are manipulated by the researcher, hence not representing the properties of natural cells. The validity of data produced from artificial biomaterial is met with incredulity in the natural world. Therefore, the results of modified research material should be scrutinized for the benefit of natural life in the World.

Luis Miguel Guamán Ortiz

In whole human body thousands and thousands of cells are produced by mitosis every second and a similar number dies at the same time through a genetically controlled pathway of cellular self-destruction: apoptosis. The homeostatic balance between proliferation and cell death occur in a finely regulated manner during embryonic development and throughout life. However, this balance is often altered by both internal and/or external agents such as inherited mutations or chemotherapy, respectively; acting like mutagens and providing an unlimited proliferation level where affected cells evade apoptosis and lead cancer. Currently, chemotherapy is the most used strategy for preventing and fight against cancer; nevertheless, it is not specific and it could produce serious side effects including the generation of a second tumor. Activation or reactivation of apoptosis in cancer cells using specific and natural drugs discovered is one of the key alternatives to combat this disease, which occurs in a silent manner and without adverse effects. This review presents the main dramatic features that occur during apoptosis activation and the main proteins, which trigger and inhibits this death pathway.