Effects of Modified Ohm's and Fourier’s Laws on Electromagnetic Micropolar Fluid Subjected to Ramp-Type Heating

Effects of modified Ohm’s and Fourier’s laws on two-dimensional electromagnetic (EM) flow of an incompressible micropolar fluid over a moving plate are studied. Ohm’s law is modified by the inclusion of two terms, one for the temperature gradient and the other for the cross product of the velocity with the initial magnetic field. Fourier’s law of heat conduction is modified to include the relaxation time. The effects of the modified Ohm’s law (ko parameter) and Alfven velocity parameter α in two cases the first for strong concentration (n=0) and the other for weak concentration (n=1/2) have discussed. The purpose of the latter term is to produce finite speed of heat conduction. Laplace and exponential Fourier transform techniques are used to obtain the solution by a direct approach. The solution of the problem in the physical domain is obtained by using a numerical method for the inversion of the Laplace transforms based on Fourier series expansions. The distributions of the velocity components, the temperature, and the induced magnetic and electric fields are obtained. The numerical values of these functions are represented graphically.


Introduction
The physical mechanisms of heat, mass, and momentum transport in small-scale units may differ significantly from those in macroscale equipment [1,2]. Fundamental and applied investigations of microscale phenomena in fluid mechanics are motivated by developments in the areas of biological molecular machinery, atherogenesis, microcirculation, and microfluidics. At scales larger than a micron, the fluid can be treated as a continuum, and the flow is governed by the Navier-Stokes equation. The continuum model assumes that the properties of the material vary continuously throughout the flow domain. In Newtonian continuum mechanics, the fluid is modeled as a dense aggregate of particles, possessing mass, and translational velocity. However, the field equation, such as the Navier-Stokes equation, does not account for the rotational effects of the fluid micro-constituents.
In the theory of micropolar fluids [3], rigid particles contained in a small volume element can rotate about the centroid of the volume element. The rotation is described by an independent micro-rotation vector. Micropolar fluids can support body couples and exhibit microrotational effects. The theory of micropolar fluids has shown promise for predicting fluid behaviour at microscale. Papautsky et al. [1] found that a numerical model for water flow in microchannels based on the theory of micropolar fluids gave better predictions of experimental results than those obtained using the Navier-Stokes equation. Micropolar fluids can model anisotropic fluids, liquid crystals with rigid molecules, magnetic fluids, clouds with dust, muddy fluids, and some biological fluids [3]. In view of their potential application in microscale fluid mechanics and non-Newtonian fluid mechanics, it is worth exploring new fundamental solutions.
Srinivas and Kothandapani [4] studied the influence of heat and mass transfer on MHD peristaltic flow through a porous space with compliant walls. Chen [5] performed a magneto-hydrodynamic mixed convection of a power-law fluid past a stretching surface in the presence of thermal radiation and internal heat generation/absorption. Many authors have extended the above model to the flow of micropolar fluid past an infinite horizontal moving plate, in the presence of a magnetic under different physical situations (see for instance [6][7][8][9][10]). Norzieha et al. [11] have analyzed the MHD flow of Stokes' second problem for an MHD second grade fluid in a porous space. Mostafa [12] examined the same problem with Thermal radiation effect. Ezzat et al. [13] studied the combined heat and mass transfer for unsteady MHD flow of perfect conducting micropolar fluid with Fluid Subjected to Ramp-Type Heating thermal relaxation. Turkyilmazoglu [14] have analyzed the effects of uniform radial electric field on the MHD heat and fluid flow due to a rotating disk Original Research Article. Notable work in this field were the work of Das [15] offered an approximation method for the Effect of chemical reaction and thermal radiation on heat and mass transfer flow of MHD micropolar fluid in a rotating frame of reference.
All the above-mentioned investigations are restricted to only MHD micropolar fluid flow analysis. No efforts have been made to study the effects of induced magnetic and electric fields on micropolar fluid flow over a moving plate. Yet, a wide variety of industrial applications requires serious consideration of electromagnetic (EM) effects in fluid. For example, electordynamic applications include pumping and levitation of liquids and gases, extractions of contaminants from gases such as smokes or liquids such as slurries. It has applications in the fields of polyelectrolytes (e.g., DNA), electrohydrodynamic spraying, and charge distribution in the atmosphere during thunderstorms. In the area of magnetic application, we have magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), magnetic fluids, and plasma. In contrast to the classical discipline (MHD), the theory of micropolar fluids predicts many other phenomena not covered by the classical theory. For example, motions of magnetic bubbly fluids and fluids with large numbers of small vortices or suspensions (e.g., dirty gases and fluids) cannot be treated by means of the classical theory of MHD [16].
The effects of induced magnetic and electric fields on micropolar fluid problems have extensively studied by Zakaria [17], Ezzat and Zakaria [18], Zakaria [19], Ezzat et. Al [20] carried out an analysis to study Magneto-hydrodynamic boundary layer flow past a stretching plate and heat transfer.
In a thermoelectric material there are free electrons or holes which carry both charge and heat. To a first approximation, the electrons and holes in a thermoelectric semiconductor behave like a gas of charged particles. If a normal (uncharged) gas is placed in a box within a temperature gradient, where one side is cold and the other is hot, the gas molecules at the hot end will move faster than those at the cold end. The faster hot molecules will diffuse further than the cold molecules and so there will be a net build up of molecules (higher density) at the cold end. The density gradient will drive the molecules to diffuse back to the hot end. In the steady state, the effect of the density gradient will exactly contracts the effect of the temperature gradient so there is no net flow of molecules. If the molecules are charged, the buildup of charge at the cold end will also produce a repulsive electrostatic force (and therefore electric potential) to push the charges back to the hot end. The electric potential (Voltage) produced by a temperature difference is known as the Seebeck effect and the proportionality constant is called the Seebeck coefficient.
The objective of this paper is to consider two dimensional electromagnetic micropolar fluid subjected to ramp-type heating taken into consideration the effects of modified Ohm's and Fourier's laws. Ohm's law is modified by the inclusion of two terms, one for the temperature gradient (Seebeck effect) and the other for the cross product of the velocity with the initial magnetic field. Fourier's law of heat conduction is modified to include the relaxation time. The formulas of the velocity components, the temperature, and the induced magnetic and electric fields are obtained. The ramp-type heating application is applied to our problem to get the solution in the complete form. The considered variables are presented graphically and comparisons and discussions are made.

Basic Equations
Here we consider a conducting unsteady flow of an incompressible MHD micropolar conducting fluid, with modified Ohm's law, of finite conductivity σ o , permeated by an initial magnetic field H. This produces an induced magnetic field h and induced electric field E.
The basic equations of magnetic and electric fields, continuity, motion, and energy for unsteady flow of micropolar fluids in the presence of a transverse magnetic field with the velocity vector V and the rotation vector ω are: 1. The variation of the magnetic and electric fields are given by Maxwell's equations And the modified Ohm's law [21,22]: Where o o k S σ = the coefficient connecting the temperature gradient and electric current and S is the Seebeck coefficient 2. The continuity equation has the form: 3. The equations of motion have the form where the material constants λ 1 , μ, μ r are the viscosity coefficients and α 1 , β, γ are the gyroviscosity coefficients. These constants confirm to the inequalities The entropy η may be written in terms of temperature as follows ( ), The generalized Fourier's law is given by where the convective derivative By eliminating η between (9) and (10) and using (11) we get the equation of heat conduction for the linear theory as follows

Formulation of the Problem
Our interest here is the case of unsteady two-dimensional flow of an incompressible micropolar conducting fluid past an infinite horizontal moving plate, with modified Ohm's and Fourier's laws permeated by an initial magnetic field H o, acting along the z-axis. The velocity components of the fluid are u, and v in the x and y directions, respectively, taken parallel and perpendicular to the plate. We assume the initial magnetic field H, the induced magnetic field , the induced electric field E which is normal to the considered magnetic field, and the electric current density J is parallel to the electric field as H = (0, 0, H o ), h = (0, 0, h), E = (E 1 , E 2 , 0), and J = (J 1 , J 2 , 0), and the microrotation in z-axis ω = (0, 0, ω).
Since the system (1)- (8) and (11) is nonlinear; we come across certain difficulties during its investigation. On the other hand, to solve many problems of applied nature it is sufficient to consider a linearized variant of the system (1)- (8). The equations of Navier-Stokes can be linearized by two well-known methods: that of Stokes and that of Oseen. When using Stokes' method of linearization, nonlinear terms are totally discarded. This method yields satisfactory results for small V, ω and T (note that in this case nonlinear terms are small values of higher order). However, if the fluid flow velocity V is not a small value, this model leads to an essential error. In particular, the effects predicted by this method when a fluid flows along a solid body do not agree with experimental data.
A lesser error is obtained in the case of linearization by Oseen's method consisting in the following: it is assumed that fluid flow differs but little from flow along the x-axis with constant velocity v 0 .
Then we set ( Under these assumptions, the vector system (1)- (8) and (11) reduces to an Oseen-linearized system of scalar equations of a MHD micropolar conducting fluid with modified Ohm's law in two-dimensional case: For simplifications the above equations we have used the following non-dimensional variables (dropping the asterisks for convenience): Differentiating Eq. (14) with respect to x and Eq. (15) with respect to y, and then adding these two equations, we obtain 2 1 v , p α ξ = − (23) Differentiating Eq. (14) with respect to y and Eq. (15) with respect to x, and then subtracting these two equations, we obtain Differentiating Eq. (21) with respect to x and Eq. (22) with respect to y, and then adding these two equations then using Eqs. (18)-(20), we obtain Differentiating Eq. (21) with respect to y and Eq. (22) with respect to x, and then subtracting these two equations then using Eqs. (18)-(20), we obtain and ξ ς, the potential functions of current density defined by 1 2 These equations will be supplemented with appropriate boundary conditions relevant to the particular application under consideration, as will be seen later on.

Formulation and Solution in the Laplace and Fourier Transforms Domain
Applying Laplace and Fourier transforms, respectively defined by the relations  (17) we get Eliminating * ς between Eq. (31) and (28), we obtain It should be noted that this is a formal expression for the solution exponential. In the physical problem

Applications
We shall consider unsteady two-dimensional flow of an incompressible micropolar conducting fluid past an infinite horizontal plane surface in the presence of a induced magnetic field occupying the region where t o indicates the length of time to rise the heat and T 1 is constant, this means that the boundary of the half-space, which is initially at rest and has a fixed temperature T o , is suddenly raised to a temperature equal to the function G(t)F(x) and maintained at this temperature from then on.
Applying Laplace and Fourier transforms to both sides of Eq. (47), we obtain (2) Mechanical boundary conditions We assume that, the plate is moving with velocity v o and non-conducting surface. The transverse components of the electric field intensity are continuous across the surface of the half-space. This leads to: We notice that n is a constant such 0 1 n ≤ ≤ , where the case n = 0 is called strong concentration by Guram and Smith [22], indicates ω = 0 near the wall and represents concentrated particle flows in which the microelements close to the wall surface are unable to rotate (Jena and Mathur [26]). The case n = 1/2 indicates the vanishing of anti-symmetrical part of the stress tensor and denotes weak concentration (Ahmadi [27]). The case n = 1, as suggested by Peddieson [28], is used for the modeling of turbulent boundary-layer flows.

Inversion of the Transforms
To obtain the solution of the problem in the physical domain (x,y, t), we have to invert the iterated transforms in Eqs. Re , E D , the discretization error, can be made arbitrary small by choosing c large enough.
Since the infinite series in Eq. (51) can be summed up to finite number N of terms, the approximate value of g(t) becomes Using the above formula to evaluate g(t), we introduce a truncation error E T which, must be added to the discretization error to produce the total approximation error.
Two methods are used to reduce the total error. First the ''Korrecktur'' method is used to reduce the discretization error. Next, the e algorithm is used to reduce the truncation error and hence to accelerate convergence.
The Korrecktur method uses the following formula to evaluate the function g(t): . Thus, the approximate value of g(t) becomes 2 ( ) ( ) (2 ).
is an integer such that N' < N. We shall now describe the e-algorithm that is used to accelerate the convergence of the series in Eq. (53).
Let N = 2q + 1 where q is a natural number, and let

Results and Discussion
The purpose of this section is to see the influence of some interesting parameters on the horizontal, normal velocity, microrotation and transverse electric fields. In particular, attention has been focused to modified Ohm's law (k o parameter) and Alfven velocity parameter α in two cases the first for strong concentration (n=0) and the other for weak concentration (n=1/2), many previous studies of conventional and conjugate problems did not consider this parameter, on the horizontal and normal velocity. The effect of Prandtl number P r , ramp-type heating parameter t o and modified Fourier law's (relaxation time τ o ) are also investigated on the temperature. The distribution of non-dimensional temperature T, non-dimensional horizontal velocity u, non-dimensional normal velocity v, non-dimensional micro-rotation ω, and non-dimensional transverse electric field E 1 with non-dimensional distance y have been shown in Figs. 1-12. Numerical analysis has been carried out by taking x range from 0 to 1for strong concentration and from 0 to 3 for weak concentration. The computations are carried out for the non-dimensional time t=1.5 and non-dimensional x = 2.
The field quantities, velocity, microrotation and electric fields do not depend only on the state and space variables t , x and y, but also depend on k o and Alfven velocity parameters. It has been observed that, these parameters play a vital role on velocity, microrotation and electric fields.      figure 1 and weak concentration (n=1/2) case in figure 2. It is seen that these profiles develop rapidly as increases from boundary condition for v o and they attain the steady-state flow at y → 1for n=0 or y → 3for n=1/2 and, also note that the horizontal velocity becomes finite speed in strong concentration case as compared to weak concentration case. Finally it is obvious that the values of horizontal are decreased as k o parameter increases, and then tends to zero. Fig. 3 is prepared to show the effect of the variations of Alfven velocity α and v o . We can see that an increase in α (or decrease in v o ) decreases the horizontal velocity profiles.
For different values of the gradient temperature parameter k o and Alfven velocity parameter α, the normal velocity profiles are plotted in figures 4 and 5. It is obvious that the effect of increasing values of k o -parameter and α-parameter results in a decreasing velocity distribution across flow of the micropolar fluid. The results also show that the magnitude of normal velocity on the plate is decreased as v o -parameter increases.
Figs. 6, 7 elucidate the variations of k o coefficient and the plate velocity v o against the dimensionless y for different cases of the microrotation profiles (strong and weak concentration). The range of the dimensionless k o parameter is considered from 0 to 0.4 (corresponding to the classical and modified Ohm's law. This figures show that increasing the value of the modified Ohm's law reaction parameter k o decreases the value of the microrotation distribution due to the lost heat generating from the movement of electric current, this heat may be the main reason to make that the deformation of the medium tends to be normal, but the rotation of the particles becomes slower than that in the old model. Also, it is predicted that the microrotation rate enhances while the coefficient of plate velocity increases in strong concentration but decrease in weak concentration. The sample of microrotation profiles (strong concentration) for various values of Alfven velocity parameter α when v o =0.5 and 1.0 is dis-played in Fig. 8. It is observed that the absolute value of the dimensionless microrotation or angular velocity |ω(y)| continuously decreases with y and becomes zero far away from the surface, which satisfies the boundary conditions (50). As expected, the microrotation effects are more dominant near the wall. Also, |ω(y)| increases as α and v o increase in the vicinity of the surface but the reverse happens as one moves away from it.
Figs.9 and 10 illustrate the temperature profiles for different values of Prandtl number Pr and modified Fourier's law parameter τ o for two values of t o , respectively. The numerical results show that the effect of increasing values of Prandtl number results in a decreasing temperature, while the inclusion of the relaxation time modifies the governing thermal equation, changing it from the parabolic to a hyperbolic type, and thereby eliminating the unrealistic result that thermal disturbance is realized instantaneously everywhere within a fluid and . From Fig.9, it is observed that an increase in the Prandtl number results a decrease of the boundary thermal thickness of the fluid and in general lower average temperature within the fluid. The reason is that smaller values of P r are equivalent to increasing the thermal conductivities, and therefore heat is able to diffuse away from the heated surface more rapidly than for higher values of P r . Also it is observed that the significant difference in the value of temperature is noticed for different value of the ramping time parameter t o in the context of the old and new models. We noticed that, the temperature increases when t o < t (1 < t/t o ) and decreases when t o > t (t/t o < 1) which we can see that from the boundary condition (48).
Finally, the profiles of the transverse electric field E 1 as a function of all the parameters of the modified Ohm's law k o and Alfven velocity α treated here, have been in shown figures (11,12). From these figures we observe that the effect of k o is to decrease the transverse electric field, while the effect of Alfven velocity α is to increase it in strong concentration case.

Conclusions
The trend of variations of the temperature distribution T, horizontal velocity u, normal velocity v, horizontal conduction current density component J1 normal conduction current density component J2, and microrotation vector ω are quite different on the application of new model and old model. The medium which are taken is affected by parameters ko , τo and magnetic field, more on the application of modified Ohm's and Fourier's laws in comparison to the application of classical model. The increasing in the values of temperature may be explained as the lost heat generating from the movement of electric current, this heat may be the main reason to make that the deformation of the micropolar fluid tends to be normal while the components of electric and magnetic fields record values greater than the values recorded in the old model.