Physical Properties of OSB Panels Manufactured with CCA and CCB Treated Schizolobium amazonicum and Bonded with Castor Oil Based Polyurethane Resin

This research aimed to evaluate the physical properties of OSB panels manufactured using Paricá (Schizolobium amazonicum ) wood species particles, treated with CCA (chromated copper arsenate) and CCB (chromated copper borate) preservatives, and castor oil based polyurethane resin. Three resin contents were evaluated: 8, 10 and 12%. Results showed that OSB panels manufactured with CCA-treated wood particles did not meet the minimum requirements stipulated by EN 300Code, while OSB containing CCB treated wood particles reached the properties values required for structural applications in dry conditions. Therefore, it was demonstrated the feasibility of using CCB-treated Paricá wood and castor oil based polyurethane resin in OSB production.


Introduction
Oriented Strand Board (OSB) is a wood particleboard of formed by "strands" in oriented layers, bonded with waterproof resin and consolidated under hot pressing. It is an engineered wood product used widely in construction materials such as coating, flooring and I-beams [1,2].
As other wood products, OSB is also subject to decomposition when exposed to favorable conditions do biological decay, imposed by microorganisms such as fungi. In general, OSB has been not used for applications where there is direct contact with moisture sources, such as ground or wet ambient [3].
Preservative treatment application in structural composite panels, as OSB, could be an effective method to prolong their use, which are commonly made of with low natural durability wood. The traditional methods of treatment with water-based preservatives such CCA (chromated copper arsenate) and CCB (chromated copper borate), which are conducted under high pressure after panel production, has not proved to be effective enough for OSB treatment, because of water has an adverse effect on adhesive bond, resulting in higher thickness swelling and water absorption of these panels [4].
To obtain desirable properties for OSB with preservative treatment, factors as the application stage of treatment, preservative type and their combination with the type of adhesive should be considered [5]. The good interaction between the mentioned factors was verified in studies with composite panels made with treated wood particles bonded with castor oil based polyurethane resin, as Bertolini et al. [6], with homogeneous particles panels manufactured with waste of CCB-treated Pinus sp., Ferro et al. [2] with OSB panels manufactured using CCA and CCB treated Schizolobium amazonicum wood species; Nascimento et al. [7] with high density particleboard manufactured with CCA and CCBtreated Eucalyptus sp.
Considering the positive aspects of the current production of OSB and the need for studies that provide the use of preservative treatment in these panels, the present work aimed to evaluate the physical properties of OSB panels manufactured with CCA and CCB treated Schizolobium amazonicum strands and castor oil based polyurethane resin.

Material and Methods
Wood species chosen was Paricá (Schizolobium amazonicum), due it slow density (about 0.40 g/cm³) and good permeability. Paricá pieces came from a seven years old plantation, located in Paragominas City, Pará State, Brazil, and were treated with CCA salts and CCB oxides ( Figure 1a). Retentions adopted were 6.5 and 9.6 kg of ingredients active/m³, respectively, as pointed out by several authors [2,6].
Strands were generated with nominal dimensions under 90×35×0.7 mm ( Figure 1c) and dried to achieve moisture content between 10 and 12%, based on dry weight of strands (compatible for convenient bonding reactions). Strands were glued with bi-component castor oil based polyurethane resin, with 100% solid content, composed by a polyol (component derived from vegetable oil) and a prepolymer ( Figure 1b). The ratio of prepolymer and polyol used was 1:1 [2,8].
Three resin contents were evaluated, providing six different experimental conditions, as shown in Table 1. For each experimental condition, four OSB panels were produced with nominal dimensions 40× 40×1 cm and nominal density 0.70 g /cm³, totaling 24 panels [2,8,9]. Panels were made with 3 layers. In the surface layers, strands were oriented and, in the middle layer, strands were randomly distributed (Figure 1d and 1e). Strands proportion in the surface/middles layers were 40:60. Mattress of strands was pressed at a temperature of 100°C for 10 minutes, and specific pressure of 4 MPa (Figure 1f) [2,4,7]. Figure 1 shows the manufactured process of OSB.
From each panel, five specimens were obtained to determine density (Dens); moisture content (Mc); swelling in thickness after 2 (ST2h) and 24 (ST24h) hours; and water absorption after 2 (AA2h) and 24 hours (AA24h) of immersion, performing twenty specimens for each experimental condition. Tests were carryout according the EN 300 [9] Code, once a Brazilian normative document is not available yet.
The effects of resin content and preservative type on physical properties of OSB were investigated by analysis of variance (ANOVA). ANOVA and Tukey's test, evaluated at a 5% confidence level, were applied to identify and group the means between treatments. Results were compared with papers published by other researchers and requirements of EN 300 [9]. Table 2 present mean (M) results and coefficients of variation (Cv) obtained for each treatment investigated.

Results and Discussion
It can be observed, in Table 2, that OSB mean density was slightly below the preconized density 0.70 g/cm³. Such differences, according Iwakiri et al. [10] may be mainly related to operating conditions such as small losses of material during the formation of strand mattress and its pressing, besides the return on thickness of the panels after being removed from the press. The Code EN 300 [9] does not report about moisture content, thickness swelling in 2h and water absorption at 2 and 24h. So, results here obtained are compared to those found in literature.
Moisture content values obtained are satisfactory when compared to studies by Souza [8] which found mean values ranged between 8.2 and 10.3% for OSB panels manufactured with Pinus sp. and 12% of castor oil based polyurethane resin content.
In relation of properties as ST2h, AA2h and AA24h, results obtained in this research are consistent with those found by Surdi [11] for OSB panels with 0.67 g/cm³ of density, whose values were 22.32 and 79%, respectively. Panels related C1, C2 and C3 conditions (CCA-treated panels) exceeded the limit of 25% prescribed by EN 300 [9] standard, while panel related to C4, C5 and C6 (CCB-treated panels) conditions are in accordance with the values required by that standard for OSB type 2 (panels with structural application for dry conditions). It can be explained by the fact that molecules of CCA salts remain in cell walls and, difficult bonding reactions between resin and wood [2].
Coefficients of variation found for the physical properties here investigated are consistent with the results obtained by Souza [8]. Table 3 shows results of Tukey test conducted to verify the influence of resin content on physical properties. Means followed by same letter do not differ, in Tukey test.
It is observed in Table 3 that resin content only influencedinST2h property to CCA and CCB treated panels, and an increase in resin content significantly reduced ST2h.
This occurs due to the increased availability of resin per surface area of particles, which causes a decrease in water absorption with increasing resin content of 8 to 10%. In this case, physical barrier (that is higher in the glue line) and occupancy of hygroscopic wood sites (OH) leave the less reactive water panel [12]. Table 4 shows results for Tukey's test performed to check influence of the type of preservative treatment on the physical properties investigated.
It is observed in Table 4 that the preservative treatment type influenced all properties analyzed. Panels treated with CCB preservative for all physical properties exhibited improved performance. The high values obtained of absorption and thickness swelling after 2 and 24 hours immersion for panels treated with CCA is possibly a consequence of the difficulty of adhesion between particles, since the cell walls already contain preservatives molecules that there lodged. Panels made with CCB showed better performance because the wood treated with this preservative has lower hygroscopicity due to their cells fill the preservative substances, thus decreasing the absorption of water.

Conclusions
It is possible to conclude that CCB preservative is more feasible in treatment of wood for OSB manufactured, once panels reached consistent physical performance required by EN 300 for structural applications in dry environments, while CCA treated panels did not reach the minimum usage requirements stipulated by the mentioned Code.
Tukey's test for resin content showed that only thickness swelling after 2 hours of water immersion was influenced by this factor, and that increasing resin content provided reduction in the values of this property. Tukey's test for preservative treatment type showed that only density was not influenced by this factor and CCB treated panels presented better performance.