Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activities of Some Thiazole Derivatives

In this work a series of thiazoles 9a-l were prepared by incorporation of pyrazoline ring at position 2 of 2-hydrazinyl-N-(4-phenylthiazol-2-yl) acetamide 8a-c by treating with chalcones 3a-d. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were determined on the basis of their elemental analyses and spectroscopic data such as IR and HNMR spectra.The antimicrobial activity of isolated heterocyclic compounds was evaluated against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Most of the compounds showed a moderate degree of potent antimicrobial activity.


Results and Discussion
In our previous studies, we synthesized several pyrazoline derivatives and tested them for their antibacterial and antifungal activities [15,16].
As part of our continuous efforts in This area, a series of some new pyrazoline derivatives containing substituents at 1,3,5-positions were synthesized according to Schemes 1-3. The starting chalcones 3a-d were prepared in good yields by conventional Claisen-Schmidt condensation by reacting appropriately substituted benzaldehydes and cyclopropylmethyl ketone [16,30]. 2-aminothiazoles 6a-c [31,32], were obtained in good yields by cyclocondensation of appropriately substituted acetophenones with thiourea in presence of bromine as reported in the literature [33]. Chloroacetamides 7a-c was obtained by reacting of 2-aminothiazoles 6a-c with chloroacetyl chloride in presence of pyridine. The IR of 7a-c showed the presence of bands characteristic for C=N at 1631-1642 cm -1 and an amide function at 1661-1671 (C=O) and 3160-3184 cm -1 (NH). The 1 H NMR of 7a-c revealed a broad singlet at δ = 10.32-10.41 ppm characteristic for a secondary amine group, a multiplet at δ = 7.11-7.57 ppm for aromatic protons and a thiazolyl-C 5 -H proton as a singlet at 6.49-6.59 ppm. When chloroacetamides 7a-c were heated with hydrazine hydrate in ethanol, hydrazines 8a-c were obtained in a moderate to good yields. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by spectral methods. The IR of 8a-c revealed characteristic bands for C=N at 1637-1641, C=O at 1664-1669, primary and secondary amines at 3224-3278 and 3166-3178 cm -1 . The 1 H NMR spectra showed the presence of three broad exchangeable singlets at δ = 9.24-9.29 ppm, δ = 10.31-10.33 ppm and δ = 11.45-11.77 ppm characteristic for -NH-NH 2 and NH protons, while the thiazolyl-C 5 -H and O=C-CH 2 protons appears at δ = 6.47-6.55 ppm and δ = 4.36-4.39 ppm, respectively. The aromatic protons of 8a-c appears as a multiplet at δ = 7.15-7.66 ppm. Finally, when chalcones 3a-d were heated with hydrazines 8a-c in dioxane containing few drops of acetic acid, pyrazoline derivatives 9a-l were obtained. The structures of 9a-l were determined by IR and NMR spectra its IR spectra showed the characteristic bands for C=N at 1631-1645 and amide function at 1659-1671 (C=O) and 3166-3182 cm -1 (NH). The 1 H NMR of the pyrazole derivatives 9a-l showed the presence of one broad exchangeable singlet at δ = 10.31-10.47 ppm (NH), a multiplet at δ = 7.12-7.79 ppm (Ar-H's), a singlet at δ = 6.47-6.60 (thiazolyl-C 5 -H), and a singlet at δ = 4.30-4.43 ppm (O=C-CH 2 ). The pyrazoline ring CH 2 protons appeared as a pair of doublets of doublets at δ = 3.07-3.16 ppm and δ = 3.65-3.81 ppm. The CH proton (H X ) appeared as a doublet of doublets at δ = 5.29-5.42 ppm due to vicinal coupling with the two magnetically non-equivalent protons of the methylene group at position 4 of the pyrazoline ring (J AB =15Hz, J AX =3.3Hz, J BX =11Hz). The structure of all newly isolated compounds was fully confirmed by spectral and elemental analyses methods Table 1 and 2.

General
Melting points were taken in open capillary tubes using Electrothermal apparatus 9100 (UK) and are uncorrected. Microanalyses were performed at Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt, using an Elementary Vario el III C, H, N, S Analyzer (Germany). IR spectra were recorded using potassium bromide disks on a Spectrum RXI/FT-IR System Perkin Elmer, USA (Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria Uni-versity, Alexandria, Egypt). 1H NMR spectra were determined on a Varian EM-390 MHz spectrophotometer, using TMS as internal standard.

General Procedure for Preparation of E-l-Cyclo
propyl-3-(p-substituted-phenyl)-2-propenones 3a-d Compounds 3a-d were obtained in a good yield according to published method [16,30]. The physical properties and all the spectral data were as reported in the literature.

General Procedure for Preparation of 2-Amino-4-(psubstituted phenyl)-thiazoles 6a-c
To a mixture consisting of the appropriate acetophenone 4a-d (10 mmol) and thiourea (10 mmol), bromine (20 mmol) was added dropwise during 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was heated on a boiling water bath for 10 hours and water was added to it and again heated until most of the solid has gone into solution. The reaction mixture was filtered on hot and the filtrate was cooled, it was made alkaline with ammonium hydroxide. The product which separated was filtered, washed with water and recrystallized from ethanol to give the desired product as reported previously in literature [33]

General Procedure for Preparation of 2-Chloro-N-[4-(p-substitutedphenyl)-thiazol-2-yl]-acetamides7a-c
A solution of 6a-c (10 mmol) in pyridine (10 mL), chloroacetyl chloride (12 mmol) was added dropwise with continuous stirring. The course of addition was 20 minutes. The formed mixture was heated on a boiling water bath for 3 hours. The mixture was kept to attain room temperature and then poured onto crushed ice. The separated solid was filtered off, washed successively with water, dried and recrystallized from ethanol to give 7a-c. Melting points, elemental analyses, IR and NMR data: see Tables 1 and 2.

Determination of Antimicrobial Activity
Cultures of four different microorganisms namely: Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Ps. aeruginosa), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Candida albicans (C. albicans) were used to investigate the antimicrobial activities of compounds 6a-c, 7a-c, 8a-c and 9a-l. The antimicrobial activity was assayed biologically using diffusion plate technique. The experiments were carried out by pouring a spore suspension 10 6 colon-forming units (CFU) per mL of the test strain to 75 mL of nutrient agar medium at 45 ºC mixed well, and then poured into a 15 cm sterile metallic Petri plate. The medium was allowed to solidify, and 8 mm wells were dug with a sterile metallic borer. Then, a DMSO solution of the test sample (1 mL) at 1 mg/mL was added to the respective wells. DMSO was served as negative control, and the standard antimicrobial drugs Ampicillin, Imipenam and Clotrimazole were used as positive controls. The layer was allowed to set for 30 min. and incubated at optimum incubation temperature 28 ± 2 ºC. Test organism growth may be affected by the inhibitory action of the test compound and so, a clear zone around the disc appeared as an indication of the inhibition of the test organism growth. The size of clearing zone is proportional to the inhibitory action of the test compound. Measurements were considered after 72 h for fungi and 24 h for bacteria. The results are shown in Table 3.

Conclusions
This work describes simple reactions for the synthesis of new biologically heterocyclic compounds. The antimicrobial activity of these compounds was evaluated against Grampositive, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. The target compounds 9a-1 showed more significant antimicrobial activity than some known standard drugs on the other hand, most of the compounds showed a moderate degree of potent antimicrobial activity.