Quality Assessment of Aba River Using Heavy Metal Pollution Index

Increased industrial expansion and population in Aba has lead to huge generation of wastes and their disposal has resulted to air, land and water pollution. This study examined the degree of heavy metal contamination of Aba River in southeastern Nigeria. Heavy metals such as Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, Cd, As and Pb were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and the result compared with the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality. The pollution load index between the heavy metals in the river produced the following output: Fe > Zn > Cu > Mn > Ni > Cr > Pb > As > Cd. The metals exhibited a good linear correlation coefficient and the application of factor analysis on the data revealed three sources of pollution arising from the various human activities taking place along the river channel. The findings indicate that the water needs some degree of treatment before consumption and it also needs to be protected from the perils of contamination.


Introduction
Rivers are by far the cheapest form of water supply compared to other sources like groundwater and seawater desalination. According to , meeting water quality expectations for streams and rivers is required to protect drinking water resources, encourage recreational activities and to provide a good environment for fish and wildlife. Therefore, water quality evaluation and management is of ecotoxicological importance. Changes in water chemistry of rivers are usually anthropogenic via domestic, industrial and agricultural discharges which may in turn results to degradation of the aquatic ecosystem (Ezigbo, 1989 andAmadi, 2010). The continuous drift of people to the urban centres aggravated the pollution of Aba River as it forms the effluent discharge point for industrial and agricultural waste by the heavy and light industries that flank both sides of the river along Aba-Port-Harcourt express way.
Heavy metals are widespread pollutant of great environmental concern as they are non-degradable, toxic and persistent with serious ecological ramification on aquatic ecology (Jumbe and Nandini, 2009). Humans have always depended on aquatic resources for food, medicines and materials as well as recreational and commercial purposes such as fishing and tourism (Chopra et al., 2009). The urban aquatic ecosystem are strongly influenced by long term discharge of untreated domestic and industrial wastewater, storm water runoff, accidental spill (Sarika and Chandramohankumar, 2008) and direct solid waste dumping (Plate 1). All these released pollutant have a great ecological impact on the river water quality and its surrounding food web (Abhishek and Mishra, 2008;Hejabi and Belagali, 2009).
Historically, Aba River takes its source from Okpu-Umuobu town, few kilometers away from Aba town (Ezigbo, 1989). It is used for domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes. Due to the poor sanitation habit of the populace and non enforcement of sanitation laws by government on offenders, the banks of the river now serves as toilet and refuse dumps at the river bank (Plate 1). Industries and laundry services located downstream near the river channel discharged their untreated effluent into the river's floodplain without any apology and these unhealthy practices have the tendency of deteriorating the quality of the river, hence the need for a quality assessment of Aba River since it receive wastes on a daily bases due to urbanization and industrialization. The effects of industrial wastes, municipal wastes and agricultural runoff on the quality of Aba River was investigated in this study. The overall objective of this research work was to evaluate the extent to which the heavy metal arising from urban waste disposed along the river course has affected the river quality. Heavy metal pollution index was used to determine the pollution status of the river.

Location of Study Area
Aba River is a tributary of Imo River and is the major river that passes through Aba town (Fig.1). It is situated between latitudes 5 o 05 I N to 5 o 30 I N of the Equator and Longitudes 7 o 15 I E to 7 o 40 I E of the Greenwich Meridian ( Fig.1) and is characterized by relatively low elevation and near flat topography (Uma, 1989) which enhances its runoff. The River flows in North-South direction and joins the Imo River (Ezigbo, 1989). The river is recharged by precipitation and groundwater (Uma, 1989; Amadi et al., 2010).

Climate and Vegetation
The study area falls within the humid tropical rainforest climate. The average rainfall for the area is about 2285 mm and falls from March to November (Uma, 1989). Most parts of the area are flooded during the rainy season due to poor drainage system and construction. The dry season in the area is from November to March and is characterized by dry, cold and windy weather, with little or no rainfall (Onyeagocha, 1980). The temperature is highest in December and lowest in February due to the harmattan. Palm trees, Raffia palms, bananas, plantain, cassava, yam, cocoyam and maize are grown abundantly in the area. The abundant rainfall and high temperature in the area favours their growth. The vegetation appears more forest-like along river channels and due to intense farming in the area, grasses are taking over the original tropical forest characteristic of the area.

Geology and Hydrogeology of the Area
The study area is part of the Niger Delta Basin and is underlain by the Benin Formation of Miocene to Recent age. The formation is made up of very friable fine to coarse grained sand with minor intercalations of clay and gravel. The Benin Formation is composed mostly of high resistant fresh water bearing continental sand and gravel with clay and shale intercalations (Onyeagocha, 1980). The general thickness of the Benin Formation is variable and ranges from 200 m at the North-East end to about 2000 m at the South-west (Avbovbo, 1978).

Method of Investigation
Eighteen sampling points were established along the Aba River course in order to give a comprehensive idea of overall quality of the river. This was monitored for a period of one year and six months by taking the sample once in every month. The selection of the sampling points was necessitated by accessibility, proximity to residential area and topography as these factors are responsible for the quantity and quality of wastes dumped into the river via anthropogenic means. The surface water samples were collected at mid-depth of the river using clean one litre plastic containers at each sampling point. The containers were rinsed thrice with the water to be collected and were stabilized with dilute HCl on collection. All the samples were preserved by refrigeration and analyzed within 24 hours of collection using spectrophotometric method. In this study, heavy metals such as Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), Manganese (Mn), Lead (Pb) and Arsenic (As) in Imo River were analyzed in accordance with American Public Health Association, (1995) standard for analyzing water and waste-water.
The sampling points were geo-referenced using a hand held Global Positioning System (GPS, German 72 model) with position accuracy of less than 5 m. The information obtained was used in the generation of digital terrain model (Fig. 2) and contour map (Fig. 3) of the area using sulfer-8 software.

Statistical Analysis
In order to quantitatively evaluate heavy metal enrichment in the river, Pearson's correlation analysis was applied to dataset. Factor Analysis (FA) was adopted to assist the interpretation of elemental data. This powerful method allows identifying the different ground of metals that correlate and thus can be considered as having a similar behavior and common origin (Tahri et al., 2005). It should be noted that parametric statistical tests require the data to be normally distributed. Therefore it was checked if the data collected from a population with normal distribution by applying Shapiro-Wilk's test (significance level, α = 0.05). The non-normal data were transferred logarithmically to ensure normal distribution. All the statistical analyses were performed using SPSS-16 for Windows (release Ver. 11, Inc., Chicago, IL). Table 1 shows the mean values of the heavy metal concentrations while Correlation coefficient matrix of the heavy metals is contained in Table 2. A close look at Table 1 shows that the mean metal concentration of all the metals were slightly higher than the maximum permissible value for a safe drinking water postulated by the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ, 2007) except Cd. The variability in range of all the metal distributions as compared with their respective means is an indication of a pollution of the river with that metal ion. The decreasing trend of average metal levels was as follows: Fe > Zn > Cu > Mn > Ni > Cr > Pb > As > Cd.

Results and Discussion
The degree of linear association between any two or more of the water quality parameters, as measured by correlation coefficient is shown in with negative correlation is an indication of distinctive sources for the metals in the river. In addition to correlation analysis, Factor Analysis (FA) of the studied surface water samples was performed in order to get an overall impression about assembling the samples in a multidimensional space defined by the chosen metals. The FA has emerged as a useful tool for better understanding of the relationships among the variables (metal concentration in the present study) and for revealing groups (or clusters) that are mutually correlated within a data body. This procedure reduces the overall dimensionality of the linearly correlated data by using a smaller number of new independent variables, called Varifactor (VF), each of which is a linear combination of correlated variables. The rotated Principal Component Loadings (Factors) are given in Table 3. Three Factor Components (Eigenvalues > 1) emerged accounting for 74.22% of cumulative variance.
The first factor loading with 28.96% variance showed higher loading for Fe, Zn, Cu and Pb. These could be attributed to electroplating, soldering and battery charging activities going on in the area. Rusting and decomposition of vehicle and machine scraps can lead to high Fe, Cu and Zn content apart from the natural occurrence of Fe lateritic soils common in the area. Zn is used in a number of alloys including brass and bronze, batteries, fungicides and pigments as well as in galvanizing steel and iron products (Jose et al., 2005). Pb in water could be conceived to mainly originate from industrial and domestic discharge of wastes in the river and is non essential for plants and animals and is toxic by ingestion-being a cumulative poison, producing damaging effects on the kidney, liver, tissues, blood vessels, nervous system and depresses sperm count (Anglin-Brown et al., 1995;Tijani et al., 2004). Factor loading with 25.45% of the total variance had higher loading for Cd, Ni and Mn. These metals are used in making various electronic components and pigments in plastics (Huang and Lin, 2003;Yisa and Jimoh, 2010). The decay of damaged electronics can result to the release of these metals into the river system. The third Factor had a moderate loading for Cr and As at 19.81% of total variance and it may be due to discharge of untreated industrial effluent and laundry waste into or near the river. Most of these metals: Cd, Cr, Ni, As, Mn and Pb has no nutritional value, rather they are carcinogenous and bioaccumulate into toxic level to damage essential human and animal organs (

Conclusions and Recommendations
Heavy metal contamination of Imo River was investigated in this study using heavy metal pollution index and the order of enrichment are: Cd > As > Pb > Cr > Ni > Mn > Cu > Zn > Fe. The data was subjected to correlation and factor analysis which yielded three factors representing three possible sources of pollution. Anthropogenic activities such as electroplating, soldering and battery charging activities, Rusting and decomposition of vehicle and machine scraps as well as discharge of untreated industrial effluent and laundry waste that takes place along the river course are the likely sources of the heavy metals in the river water. The water needs to be treated before consumption and the various human activities domiciled near the river should discontinue, preventing future and severe contamination of the river.