This special issue encompasses mushroom-related researches that addresses improvement of mushroom Gene pool, health benefits associated with the consumption of mushroom, clinical trials or use of animals, improved techniques for mushroom cultivation, pilot scale cultivation trials, antimicrobial effect of mushroom and their extracts, scavenging activities, or mycelia formulations and other similar mushroom research. Contributions must be significant enough to drive an interest of broad readership and increase interest in mushroom consumption, reduce mycophobia and encourage commercial production in countries with little or no facilities for mushroom production. It also aims at encouraging the government to invest in mushroom production and research. This is because mushroom can be a useful export commodity for the developing countries. In as much as many naturally occurring mushroom species are much more delicious than their cultivated counterparts, it is therefore important to research into preserving these nature's gift. Also, many mushroom species in the tropics like the Termitomyces species are sweet to taste, articles centred on these attributes will be considered.

The proposal is looking on the overview of current trend on microbiology, and its applications.
We invites researchers, whose work is well-aligned with the aims and scope of our journals special issue, to submit their researches and we will accept through peer reviewing all the papers containing new ideas, new technologies and recent research topics in the field of Microbiology and its wide applications, Environmental microbiology, Bioremediation, with references in heavy metals and hydrocarbon contamination in the environment.

Like other elements in nature sulfur is biochemically very significant. It is utililized for its structural and functional role in the amino acids cysteine and methionine and in vitamins such as thiamine, biotin and lipoic acids as well as in CoA.

Among the various biogeochemical cycles that take place in rich-detrtus based coastal and freshwater sediment, the sulfur cycle is one of them. Although several papers on the diversity of sulfur reducing bacteria and sulfate reducing bacterial communities, there is a great scope to study the genomics, metagenomics and proteomic studies with reference to sulfur oxidation and reduction apart from their population dynamics in freshwater and marine aquatic ecosystem. The Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) are a bizarre group of microbes of which most people including many microbiologists know nothing. The SRB are a large group of anaerobic organisms that play an important role in many biogeochemical processes. Not only are they of early origins in the development of the biosphere but their mechanisms of energy metabolism shed light on the limits of life process in the absence of oxygen. They are widely distributed in nature and are regular components of engineered systems including for example petroleum reservoir and oil production facilities. SRB are currently subject to extensive genomic studies which are yielding fresh understanding on their basic biochemical mechanisms and aiding in the development of novel techniques for the analyses of their environmental roles. The purpose of this special issue is to explore the outstanding research which has impact towards the biogeochemical cycle of the ecosystem. Contributors summarize current research on sulfate reducing bacteria and examine their relationship to biotechnological process. This issue enables researchers to identify and define appropriate questions for future research. This issue provides a timely update of these important microorganisms, from basic science to applications and will therefore serve as a valuable resource for researchers in the fields of microbial ecology, microbial physiology, bioengeering, biogeochemistry and related areas of environmental sciences.

Wastewater treatment has changed in the past twenty years, the transformation of the design of the treatment technologies for suitable discharge into natural water bodies, using techniques such as conventional activated sludge and trickling filters, to solve various human health issues such as recycling wastewater, providing solutions to poor waste treatment and preventive measures for pollution. The reason for the move is simple, not only to see the alternative treatments to create a return as energy cost savings in the operation, but also in the generation of something that the production of energy or reused in other operations. Therefore we want to advocate distributing papers and findings on waste water treatment and pollution-related research in addressing the issue of sustainability science sections. Papers are selected through a rigorous peer review process to ensure rapid and wide dissemination of research, development and application.

The Journal of Microbiology Research will focus on scientific articles based on the various fields of Microbiology, such as, Medical Microbiology, Industrial Microbiology, Microbial Ecology, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Biofuel and biogas production, Environmental Microbiology, Microbial genomics, Metagenomics and transcriptomics. Manuscripts will be classified as full journal article, short communication or review articles, based on the volume and nature of the contents. Submissions based on current methods of analyzing research findings as well as studies centered on infectious diseases of global concern are encouraged. The journal will aim to highlight important findings of microbiologists from different parts of the globe, with each article providing relevant information to the scientific community as well as the world at large. With the rising interest in the potential of microorganisms in the industrial world as well as in clean-up of contaminated environments there has been an ensuing rise in studies based on novel technologies harnessing these possibilities. Also, in the field of Medical Microbiology, the mechanism of pathogenesis as well as host defense mechanism during infections has received a lot of attention and has led to more insight to combating pathogens. Metagenomics is useful in studying the dynamics that occur in microbial populations as a result of variable environmental factors, nutrients or pollutants. The nutritional status and personal hygiene of children have been shown to affect the prevalence of disease such as intestinal helminthiasis and diarrhea caused by rotavirus. All these various branches of Microbiology and much more will be covered in the Journal of Microbiology Research. Manuscripts are invited from academics in universities, research institutes and other tertiary institutions.

Sepsis is commonly defined as the presence of infection in conjunction with the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS); severe sepsis, complicated by organ dysfunction; and septic shock. Sepsis is common in the aging population, and it frequently affects patients with cancer and after immunosuppressive treatment. Yet the individual host response to septicemia is variable, depending on the patient's immune response, nutritional status, and coexisting conditions. Recently, much has been learnt about the pathogenesis of sepsis at the molecular, cell, and intact organ level. Outcomes in sepsis have improved in general, because of an enhanced focus on early diagnosis, the rapid delivery of effective antibiotics, and other improvements in supportive care. We propose in this issue, publish works that discuss on evolving concepts of sepsis and novel therapeutic pathways targeting organ dysfunction, preclinical approaches, the use of clinical and biological criteria to select and phenotype patients with sepsis for clinical trials.

Biofilms are the accumulation of microbial cells which grow on surfaces with a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on them. Naturally biofilms consists of mixed microbial species. Biofilm protects microorganisms from various environmental challenges such as metal toxicity, salinity and pH. The composition of EPS determines the blooming and distribution of biofilms and responsiveness to antibiotics. The knowledge and application of diverse microbiological approach as well as biochemical techniques will help to combat biofilms.

Effluents carry substances, which if disposed without treatment, could pose threat to the environment. Effluent treatment therefore aims at the removal of toxic components from the waste material. This necessitates the use of processes, which are environmentally safe and efficient. Biological processes have attracted more attention as compared to other processes since microbial agents could be bioengineered according to the demand, thus helping in the removal of toxic component of the effluent before disposal. Diversity in the growth conditions of the microbial agents has helped in the removal of different types of pollutants. Microbial agents serving the purpose of effluent treatment could be bacterial or fungal, each coming with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Owing to their ability to degrade variety of organic materials, microorganisms hold a special place in the treatment of effluent.

This special issue has the intention to provide a platform for sharing the work around the area of effluent treatment, carried out using variety of microbial agents. This could open up the possibility of designing the most effective effluent treatment process meeting the demands of each industry.

Most beneficial and pathogenic microbe interacting with hosts express adhesive microbial molecules on their host surfaces to promote interaction with host cell receptors. Subsequently, microbes manipulate the cellular mechanisms of host cells to take advantage of the capabilities of host cells, leading to primary infections. The important role of the molecular interactions in initiating and ongoing infections for understanding of the corresponding mechanisms. This proposal focuses on the mechanisms involved in the microbe and host responses to pathogenic and beneficial role. Also, the knowledge derived from the Microbial Host Relations (MHRs) may largely contribute to the identification of more defensive systematic of curative to prevent or infections.

This special edition of Journal of Microbiology Research with the theme title Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance in Human Pathogenic Bacteria will further add to knowledge especially on the surveillance of antibiotic resistance among human pathogenic bacteria of clinical, environmental and animal origin. This will focus more on the potential solution to combat the resistance problem.

Biofilm formation is a natural phenomenon which happens almost everywhere microorganisms and surfaces, and cell-to-cell interactions have been demonstrated to play a key role in cell attachment and detachment from biofilms, as well as in the resistance of biofilm community members against antimicrobial treatments. Pathogenic biofilms have been of considerable interest in the context of clinical and food safety and have provoked the interest of many research groups. However are still few studies that address the development of resistance in the biofilm community.

In developing countries, there is great difficulty to identifying the correct microorganism to start the appropriate antibiotics. There are many publications in the area epidemiological and public health, demonstrating that every day increases the clinical cases of patients with bacterial infections resistant to treatment. About this aspect, we propose in this issue, publish works that are related to the biotechnology, diagnosis and or bacterial identification in humans. Call research papers involving biotechnology and bacteriology classic.

This special issue would like be a kind of state-of-the-art about this interesting and useful methodology in its applications to phytopathogenic bacteria. Some researches have already started in being published but there is still not a point of the extent to which researches currently are.

Representative cases of study are to be included in the issue, each one aiming at different plant-pathogen binomials. A key topic will be the assessment of the extent in which the methodology can correlate genetic results with different biological features of the microorganisms, such as their pathogenicity, the chance to trace their origins (with special attention to quarantine pest pathogens), and their movements across international boundaries.

In developing countries infectious disease can cause an epidemic case. The most important reasons are the random uses of antibiotics without a doctor's prescription, this makes a new generation of resistant microorganisms, another reason that infection can be imported by travelers, or an unfortunate lifestyle circumstances. On other hand, association of some microbial diseases with organic chronic diseases such as diabetes gives a reason of chronic infectious disease. Searching for new antimicrobial agents is needed especially from natural sources.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) is the causative agent of Johne’s disease (paratuberculosis) that can affect domestic and wild ruminants. John’s disease has a considerable economic loss, principally on dairy cattle herds. Map may have a role in the development of Crohn’s disease in humans via the consumption of contaminated milk and milk products. It seems that the current methods of milk pasteurization are not sufficient to kill all Map cells present in milk. Therefore, Map has been causing considerable concern to medical and veterinary microbiology.

In the recent years we have witnessed the great development of high throughput technologies that has been generating a huge amount of biological data. The omics (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metagenomics, metabolomics, etc.…) have been unveiling new genomes, and giving us light on the expression of groups of genes, on the dynamics of the microbial communities, as well as on the interplay between the host cells and organisms and their infectious disease agents. These new technologies have also been used in combination with the aim of understanding the molecular dynamics of infection.

Metagenomics studies can provide us a way to approach the microbial communities, and to understand the interactions between the different members of microbial communities, and the metabolic role of the human microbiome, in the health organism, as well as during infection.